Bowditch, N. (1906). American practical navigator (No. 9). US Navy Hydrographic Office under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy.
Gill, S.K., & Schultz, J.R. (2001). Tidal datums and their applications. Silver Spring MD, NOAA, NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, 102pp. & Appendix. (NOAA Special Publication NOS CO-OPS 1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-170
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (1975, July). Chart No. 1 United States of America Nautical Chart Symbols Abbreviations and Terms 13th Edition. Available at https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/publications/docs/us-chart-1/ChartNo1.pdf, accessed on 10/13/2023.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2025, July 29). NOAA Digital Collections: Projects. Available at https://www.noaa.gov/digital-collections, accessed on 8/31/2023.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2022, June 9). Story map: Our dynamic marine economy. Available at https://www.noaa.gov/stories/story-map-our-dynamic-marine-economy, accessed on 4/22/2025.
NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services. (n.d.). National Tidal Datum Epoch. Available at https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum-updates/ntde/, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services. (n.d.). Tidal datums. Available at https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services. (2000, June). Tidal datums and their applications. Available at https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/tidal_datums_and_their_applications.pdf, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). Boundary currents. Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/04currents3.html, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). Do we still need lighthouses? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lighthouse.html, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). How do we make nautical charts? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/navigation/making-nautical-charts.html, accessed on 1/8/2024.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). How does backscatter help us understand the sea floor? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/backscatter.html, accessed on 7/31/2024.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (1997). Nautical Chart User’s Manual. Available at https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/49555, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). Tidal currents 2. Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/02tidal2.html, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). Tides and water levels. Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What’s the difference between a nautical chart and a map? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/chart_map.html, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What do the numbers mean on a nautical chart? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sounding.html, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is a datum? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_geodesy/geo04_datums.html, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is a historical map or chart? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/historicchart.html, accessed on 1/5/2024.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is a nautical chart? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nautical_chart.html, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is a tide gauge? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/tide-gauge.html, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is hydrography? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/hydrography.html, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is latitude? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/latitude.html, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is longitude? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/longitude.html, accessed on 10/13/2023.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). What is sonar? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sonar.html, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.). Where do I get NOAA nautical charts? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/find-charts.html, accessed on 1/5/2024.
NOAA Ocean Exploration. (2020, June 22). Multibeam Sonar. Available at https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar-multibeam/, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA Ocean Exploration. (2020, June 22). Side-Scan Sonar. Available at https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar-side-scan/, accessed on 4/1/2025.
NOAA Ocean Exploration. (2020, June 22). Sonar. Available at https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar/, accessed on 1/5/2024.
NOAA Ocean Exploration. (n.d.). Sonar: Seeing with Sound. Available at https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/sonar-fact-sheet.pdf, accessed on 5/12/2025.
NOAA Ocean Exploration. (n.d.). Split-beam Sonar. Available at https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/sonar-split-beam/, accessed on 5/12/2025.
NOAA Ocean Today. (n.d.). The Ocean Shows Us the Way. Available at https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/oceanshowsusway/, accessed on 3/4/2024.
NOAA Office of Coast Survey. (n.d.). NOAA ENC - Electronic Navigational Charts. Available at https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/charts/noaa-enc.html, accessed on 4/22/2025.
NOAA Office of Coast Survey. (n.d.). Hydrographic Survey Equipment. Available at https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/learn/hydrographic-survey-equipment.html, accessed on 7/31/2024.
NOAA Office of Coast Survey. (n.d.). Navigate with Confidence. Available at https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/, accessed on 4/22/2025.
NOAA Office of Coast Survey. (n.d.). Ocean Mapping Capabilities. Available at https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/about/docs/about/ocean-mapping-capabilities.pdf, accessed on 12/6/2024.
NOAA Office of Coast Survey. (n.d.). Rescheming and Improving Electronic Navigational Charts. Available at https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/charts/rescheming-and-improving-electronic-navigational-charts.html, accessed on 4/22/2025.
NOAA Office of Coast Survey. (n.d.). Survey Vessels. Available at https://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/about/survey-vessels.html, accessed on 5/12/2025.
NOAA Office of Coast Survey. (n.d.). What are ENCs? Available at https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/charts/noaa-enc.html, accessed on 4/22/2025.
O’Neill, Kathryn. Personal interview. 5 Feb. 2026. [1]
Shea, Eileen L. (1987.) A History of NOAA: Being a Compilation of Facts and Figures Regarding the Life and Times of the Original Whole Earth Agency. Available at https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/shea_history_NOAA.pdf, accessed on 5/22/2025.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. (n.d.). Sonar Single Beam. Available at https://www.whoi.edu/ocean-learning-hub/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/acoustics/sonar-single-beam/, accessed on 5/12/2025.
Social