References

All URLs noted in the references below were reviewed and accurate at the time of the initial publication of the Coastal Pollution tutorial.

Oil Spills

• Bird-Rescue. (2011). Remembering the Gulf Oil Spill response. Available at https://www.birdrescue.org/2010-deepwater-horizon-louisiana-usa/.

• Brosnan, T., Ewald, M., & Helton, D. (2022). The spills behind the Oil Pollution Act. Available at https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=2c67dae3fa12484487cdb827ccccf274.

• Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. (2016). An analysis of the impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the Gulf of Mexico seafood industry. Available at https://espis.boem.gov/final%20reports/5518.PDF.

• Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustees. (2016). Plan for Deepwater Horizon oil spill natural resource injury restoration: An overview. Available at https://www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/Overview_04-07-16_final-508.pdf.

• Csulak, F. (2018). Oiled birds and Dawn dish soap: A behind-the-scenes look at cleaning and rescuing oiled wildlife. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/oiled-birds-and-dawn-dish-soap-behind-scenes-look-cleaning-and-rescuing-oiled-wildlife.

• Drakopulos, L. (2016). Washington Sea Grant launches new program to prevent small oil spills that add up. Available at  https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/about/media/washington-sea-grant-launches-new-program-prevent-small-oil-spills-add.html.

• Ewald, M. (2020). An oil spill’s silver lining, over three decades after Exxon Valdez. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-spills-silver-lining-over-three-decades-after-exxon-valdez

• Ewald, M., & Hahn, D. (2021). A spooky science story: Deep-sea corals entombed by an oily snow. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/spooky-science-story-deep-sea-corals-entombed-oily-snow.

• Ewald, M. (2021). Over $130 million to restore 10 polluted waterways across the country. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/over-130-million-restore-10-polluted-waterways-across-country.

• Graham, L., Hale, C., Maung-Douglass, E., Sempier, S., Swann, L., and Wilson, M. (2016). Oil spill science: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill’s impact on people’s health — Increases in stress and anxiety. MASGP-16-030.

• Gray, A. (2018). Looking Deeper at the Social Science Behind Marine Pollution. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/index.php/looking-deeper-social-science-behind-marine-pollution.

• Gray, A. (2019). Beneath the Surface: Oil Spills and Mental Health. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/beneath-surface-oil-spills-and-mental-health.

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2016). Oil spills: A major marine ecosystem threat. Available at https://www.noaa.gov/explainers/oil-spills-major-marine-ecosystem-threat.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.). Storm preparedness and marine debris. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/fact-sheets/storm-preparedness-marine-debris, accessed on 10/25/2023.

• NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service. (2011). Fisheries economics of the United States: Gulf of Mexico. Available at https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/economics/documents/feus/2011/FEUS2011%20-%20Gulf%20of%20Mexico.pdf.

• NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Regional Office. (2018). Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/habitat-conservation/papahanaumokuakea-marine-national-monument.

• NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service. (2020a). Infographic: Deepwater Horizon - Where Did the Oil Go? Available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/infographic/infographic-deepwater-horizon-where-did-oil-go.

• NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service. (2020b). Restoring the Gulf: 10 years after Deepwater Horizon. Available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/video/restoring-gulf-10-years-after-deepwater-horizon.

• NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources. (2021). Sea turtles, dolphins, and whales - 10 years after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/sea-turtles-dolphins-and-whales-10-years-after-deepwater-horizon-oil.

• NOAA Office of Education. (2020a). Ocean pollution and marine debris. Available at  https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-pollution.

• NOAA Office of Education. (2020b). Oil spills. Available at  https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/oil-spills.

• a. Environmental sensitivity index (ESI) maps and data. Available at https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/resources/environmental-sensitivity-index-esi-maps, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (n.d.)b. Infographics. Available at https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/resources/infographics, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2015). Thanks, Oil Pollution Act: 30 years of enabling environmental restoration after oil spills. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/thanks-oil-pollution-act-30-years-enabling-environmental-restoration-after-oil-spills.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2016a). 5 Key questions NOAA scientists ask during oil spills. Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/5-key-questions-noaa-scientists-ask-during-oil-spills.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2016b). Oil spill assessment and restoration. Available at https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/environmental-restoration/oil-spill-assessment-and-restoration.html.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2016c). How do oil spills affect sea turtles? Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/how-do-oil-spills-affect-sea-turtles.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2019a). Has Prince William Sound recovered from the spill? Available at https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/significant-incidents/exxon-valdez-oil-spill/prince-william-sound-recovered.html.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2019b). How do oil spills happen? Available at https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/training-and-education/education-students-and-teachers/how-do-spills-happen.html.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2019c). What Can You Do to Prevent Marine Pollution? Available at https://blog.response.restoration.noaa.gov/what-can-you-do-prevent-marine-pollution.

• NOAA Office of Response and Restoration. (2019d). Who Takes Care of the Problem of Oil Spills? Available at https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/training-and-education/education-students-and-teachers/who-takes-care-problem.html.

• Pallardy, R. (2023). Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Available at https://www.britannica.com/event/Deepwater-Horizon-oil-spill.

• Smithsonian Ocean Portal Team. (2018). Gulf oil spill. Available at https://ocean.si.edu/conservation/pollution/gulf-oil-spill.

• U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2023). Oil and petroleum products explained. Available at https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/refining-crude-oil-the-refining-process.php.

Marine Debris

• Borrelle, S. B., et al. (2020). Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science, 369(6510), 1515–1518. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3656.

• Center for Great Lakes Literacy. (2020). Marine debris in the Great Lakes display cards. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/fact-sheets/marine-debris-great-lakes-display-cards.

• Gall, S. C., & Thompson, R. C. (2015). The impact of debris on Marine Life. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 92(1-2), 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041.

• Law, K. L. (2017). Plastics in the Marine Environment. Ann Rev Mar Sci, 9, 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)l. Disaster debris. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/where-does-marine-debris-come/disaster-debris, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)a. Economic loss. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/why-marine-debris-problem/economic-loss, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)b. Garbage patches. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)b. Health. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/why-marine-debris-problem/health, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)d. How to help. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/discover-marine-debris/how-help, accessed on 10/25/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)e. How to help at home. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/how-help/home, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)f. Infographics. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/multimedia/infographics#prettyPhoto, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)g. Japan tsunami marine debris. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/our-work/emergency-response/japan-tsunami-marine-debris, accessed on 10/25/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)h. Land-based marine debris. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/where-does-marine-debris-come/land-based-marine-debris, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)i. Marine debris removal in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/removal/marine-debris-removal-papah-naumoku-kea-marine-national-monument, accessed on 10/25/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)j. Microplastics. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/what-marine-debris/microplastics, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)k. Non-native species transport. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/why-marine-debris-problem/non-native-species-transport, accessed on 10/25/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)l. Ocean-based marine debris. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/where-does-marine-debris-come/ocean-based-marine-debris, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)m. The Mystery of How Long Until It’s Gone. Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/discover-marine-debris/mystery-how-long-until-it-s-gone, accessed on 3/29/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)n. What is marine debris? Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/discover-marine-debris/what-marine-debris, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)o. Where does marine debris come from? Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/discover-marine-debris/where-does-marine-debris-come, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (n.d.)p. Why is marine debris a problem? Available at https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/discover-marine-debris/why-marine-debris-problem, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Marine Debris Program. (2018). Host your own community cleanup. Available at https://blog.marinedebris.noaa.gov/index.php/host-your-own-community-cleanup

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling. https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials#NationalPicture.

Harmful Algal Blooms

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2016). What is a harmful algal bloom? Available at https://www.noaa.gov/what-is-harmful-algal-bloom.

• NOAA. (2019). Large ‘dead zone’ measured in Gulf of Mexico. Available at https://www.noaa.gov/media-release/large-dead-zone-measured-in-gulf-of-mexico.

• NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.)a. Harmful algal blooms. Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab/#faq, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.)b. What is a red tide? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/redtide.html, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA National Ocean Service. (n.d.)c. Why do harmful algal blooms occur? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/why_habs.html, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA National Ocean Service (n.d.)d. Are all algal blooms harmful? Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/habharm.html, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA National Ocean Service (n.d.)e. News: Red tide in Florida and Texas. Available at https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/redtide-florida/, accessed on 3/31/2023.

• NOAA Ocean Today. Predicting harmful algal blooms. Available at https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/predictinghabs/welcome.html, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• NOAA Office of Education. (2020). Ocean pollution and marine debris. Available at  https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-pollution.

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.)a. Harmful algal blooms. Available at https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/harmful-algal-blooms, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.)b. Nutrient Pollution: Sources and solutions. Available at https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions, accessed on 2/10/2023.

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2023)a. Nutrient Pollution: What You Can Do: In Your Home. Available at https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/what-you-can-do-your-home.

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2023)b. Nutrient Pollution: What You Can Do: In Your Yard. Available at https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/what-you-can-do-your-yard.

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2023)c. Nutrient Pollution: Where nutrient pollution occurs. Available at https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/where-nutrient-pollution-occurs.

• U.S. Geological Survey. (2016). Nutrients in Streams and Rivers in the Lower Tennessee River Basin. Available at https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs02501/htdocs/nonpoint.html.

• NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center. (2021). Hitting Us Where it Hurts: The Untold Story of Harmful Algal Blooms. Available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/science-data/hitting-us-where-it-hurts-untold-story-harmful-algal-blooms.

• National Wildlife Federation, Great Lakes Business Network. (2021). The impacts of Lake Erie’s harmful algal blooms on Great Lakes businesses. Available at https://www.nwf.org/-/media/PDFs/Regional/Great-Lakes/The-Impacts-of-Lake-Eries-Harmful-Algal-Blooms-on-Great-Lakes-Businesses-v3-062821.pdf.