U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.

dot gov icon Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

https icon Secure websites use HTTPS

A small lock or https:// means you’ve safely connected to a .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

References

Estuaries Tutorial

Association of National Estuary Programs (ANEP). 1998. Preserving Our Heritage, Securing Our Future: A Report to the Citizens of the Nation. Washington, DC: ANEP. 49 pp.

Beck, M.W., K.L Heck, K.W. Able, D.L. Childers, D.B. Eggleston, B.M. Gillanders, B.S. Halpern, C.G. Hays, K. Hoshino, T.J. Minello, R.J. Orth, P.F. Sheridan, and M.P. Weinstein. 2003. The Role of Nearshore Ecosystems as Fish and Shellfish Nurseries. Issues in Ecology No. 11, Ecological Society of America

Bertness, M.D. 1999. The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Boesch, D.F., J.C. Field, and D. Scavia (editors). 2000. The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change on Coastal Areas and Marine Resources: Report of the Coastal Areas and Marine Resources Sector Team, U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, U.S. Global Change Research Program. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 21. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coastal Ocean Program. 163 pp.

California Coastal Commission. 2003. Waves, Wetlands, and Watersheds. California Coastal Commission Science Activity Guide. https://www.coastal.ca.gov/publiced/pendx.html

Carpenter, S. N.F. Caraco, D.L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A.N. Sharpley, and V.H. Smith. 1998. Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen. Issues in Ecology No. 3, Ecological Society of America.

Carson, R. 1940. Under the Sea-Wind: A Naturalist's Picture of Ocean Life. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Daily, G.C., S. Alexander, P.R. Ehrlich, L. Goulder, J. Lubchenco, P.A. Matson, H.A. Mooney, S. Postel, S.H. Schneider, D. Tilman, and G.M. Woodwell. 1997. Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems. Issues in Ecology No. 2, Ecological Society of America.

Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). 2000. FDEP website. https://floridadep.gov/rcp/rcp/content/floridas-mangroves

Good, J.W., J.W. Weber, J.W. Charland, J.V. Olson, and K.A. Chapin. 1998. National Coastal Zone Management Effectiveness Study: Protecting Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands. Final Report to the NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management. Oregon Sea Grant Special Report PI-98-001. Corvallis, OR: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Howarth, R., D. Anderson, J. Cloern, Ch. Elfring, C. Hopkinson, B. Lapointe, T. Malone, N. Marcus, K. McGlathery, A. Sharpley, and D. Walker. 2000. Nutrient Pollution of Coastal Rivers, Bays, and Seas. Issues in Ecology No. 7, Ecological Society of America.

Levinton, J.S. 1995. Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mack, R.N., D. Simberloff, W.M. Lonsdale, H. Evans, M. Clout, and F. Bazzaz. 2000. Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences and Control. Issues in Ecology No. 5, Ecological Society of America.

Molles Jr., M.C. 2002. Ecology: Concepts and Applications. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Narragansett Bay Estuary Program. Date unknown. Narragansett Bay Estuary Program: About the Bay.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2001. NMFS Office of Protected Resources website. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/office-protected-resources

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1990. Estuaries of the United States: Vital Statistics of a Natural Resource Base. Rockville, MD: NOAA National Ocean Service.

National Safety Council's Environmental Center. 1998. Coastal Challenges: A Guide to Coastal and Marine Issues. Prepared in conjunction with Coastal America.

Niesen, T.M. 1982. The Marine Biology Coloring Book. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Northern Territory Government (Australia). 2000. Mangrove Ecology Fact Sheet. Northern Territory Government: Department of Infrastructure, Planning, and Environment. 2 pp.

Office of Naval Research. Date unknown. Science and Technology Focus: Oceanography. U.S. Department of the Navy. Accessed February 6, 2004 from: https://www.onr.navy.mil/

Pimentel, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 1999. Environmental and Economic Costs Associated with Non-Indigenous Species in the United States. Cornell University.

Pritchard, D.W. 1967. What is an Estuary: Physical Viewpoint. Pp. 3-5 in: Estuaries, G.H. Lauff (editor). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Publication No. 83. Washington, DC: AAAS. 757 pp.

Ricklefs, R.E. and G.L. Miller. 2000. Ecology (fourth edition). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

Ross, D.A. 1995. Introduction to Oceanography. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.

Sumich, J.L. 1996. An Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life (sixth edition). Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.

University of Rhode Island (URI). 2001. Discovery of Estuarine Environments website. Office of Marine Programs. https://web.uri.edu/gso/administration/public-engagement/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1993. Volunteer Estuary Monitoring: A Methods Manual. EPA 842-B-93-004. Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water. 176 pp. https://www.epa.gov/nep

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1998. Pfiesteria piscicida Fact Sheet. EPA 842-F-98-011. Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water. https://www.epa.gov/nep

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Date unknown. National Estuary Program: Challenges Facing Our Estuaries—Key Management Issues. National Estuary Program.

Wasson, K., D. Lohrer, M. Crawford, and S. Rumrill. 2002. Non-native Species in Our Nation’s Estuaries: A Framework for an Invasion Monitoring Program. National Estuarine Research Reserve Technical Report Series 2002:1. https://coast.noaa.gov/data/docs/nerrs/Research_TechSeries_TechSeries200201.pdf

More Information
Roadmap to Resources Subject Review
NSTA - National Science Teachers Association

The National Science Teaching Association (NSTA) includes this resource in its database. NSTA provides educators and students access to Web-based, educationally appropriate science content that has been formally evaluated by master teachers.

Search Our facts
Get Social
Last updated:
08/26/22

Author: NOAA

How to cite this article

Contact Us