U.S. flag An official website of the United States government.

dot gov icon Official websites use .gov

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

https icon Secure websites use HTTPS

A small lock or https:// means you’ve safely connected to a .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

References

Corals Tutorial

Barnes, R.D. 1987. Invertebrate Zoology; Fifth Edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. pp. 92-96, 127-134, 149-162.

Barnes and Hughes. 1999. An Introduction to Marine Ecology; Third edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 117-141.

Bryant, D., L. Burke, J. McManus, and M. Spalding. 1998. Reefs at Risk: A Map-based Indicator of Threats to the World’s Coral Reefs. World Resources Institute. 56 pp. .

Coles, S. 1996. Corals of Oman: Natural and man-related disturbances to Oman’s corals and coral reefs.

Costanza et al., 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-260.

Forrester, A. 1997. The Effects of El Niño on Marine Life. Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Web site.

International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI). 1995.

IUCN — The World Conservation Union. 1988. Resolution 17.38 of the 17th General Assembly of the IUCN. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.

Jameson, S.C, J.W. McManus, and M.D. Spalding. 1995. State of the Reefs: Regional and Global Perspectives. Washington, D.C., ICRI., U.S. Department of State.

Johns et al., 2001. Socioeconomic study of reefs in southeast Florida. Report by Hazen and Sawyer under contract to Broward County, Florida. 225 pp.

Jones, O.A. and R. Endean., eds. 1973. Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 205-245.

Jones, O. and R. Endean. 1976. Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, vols. 2 & 3. New York: Academic Press Inc. pp. 216-250.

Kelleher, G. 1999. Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN — The World Conservation Union. xxiv + 107 pp.

Lalli, C.M. and T.R. Parsons. 1995. Biological Oceanography: An Introduction. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. pp. 220-233.

Levinton, J.S. 1995. Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp. 306-319.

McManus, J.W., M.C.A. Ablan, S.G. Vergara, B.M. Vallejo, L.A.B. Menez, K.P.K. Reyes, M.L.G. Gorospe and L. Halmarick, 1997. Reefbase Aquanaut Survey Manual. ICLARM Educational Series. 18, 61p.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2001. Diseases of Reef-building Corals Web site.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2001. NMFS Office of Protected Resources Web site. .

Reaka-Kudla, M. 1997 The global biodiversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests. In: Reaka-Kudla, M., D.E. Wilson, E.O. Wilson (eds.), Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting our Biological Resources. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. pp. 83-108.

Sumich, J.L. 1996. An Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life, sixth edition. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown. pp. 255-269.

University of the Virgin Islands (UVI). 2001. Threats to Coral Reefs. UVI Web site. .

Veron, JEN. 2000. Corals of the World. Vol 3. Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Sciences and CRR Qld Pty Ltd.