WEBVTT

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>> THANKS LETTING ME SHARE SOME
TIME TONIGHT AND WE'LL GO OVER

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A FEW ITEMS THAT TOUCH ON SOME
OF THE QUESTIONS MAYBE WHERE

00:00:23.056 --> 00:00:24.524 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
CONFIDENCE WASN'T SO HIGH.

00:00:24.524 --> 00:00:29.662 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
I DON'T THINK WE WILL BE ABLE
TO COMPREHENSIVELY ADDRESS THE

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WHOLE CLIMATE SYSTEM BUT WHAT
WE WILL DO IS PICK OUT A FEW

00:00:33.199 --> 00:00:35.802 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
PIECES OF IT THAT ARE
ESPECIALLY INTERCONNECTED AND

00:00:35.802 --> 00:00:39.539 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
REALLY DEMONSTRATE
THROUGH THOSE ANTIDOTES,

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KIND OF THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN LAND AND SEA AND

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ATMOSPHERE AND
ICE, OR BIOSPHERE.

00:00:47.680 --> 00:00:53.853 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO WE WILL DO THAT AND I DON'T
KNOW IF WE WILL MAKE IT ALL THE

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WAY THROUGH IN THE 40 MINUTES
OR SO THAT WE HAVE BUT IF WE

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DON'T, THAT'S FINE.

00:00:58.892 --> 00:01:01.628 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
THE IMPORTANT STUFF IS
VERY CLOSE TO THE FRONT.

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SO, ALL RIGHT, MOVING FORWARD.

00:01:08.334 --> 00:01:11.137 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
I'M GOING TO DO THIS COMMERCIAL
SO YOU CAN TUNE OUT IF YOU

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LIKE.

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I'M FROM NCDC WHICH IS WITHIN
NOAA AND WE'RE IN ASHVILLE,

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CAROLINA WHICH IS IN
WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

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AND WE ARE BASICALLY WHERE A
LOT OF PEOPLE GO TO LIVE IN

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ACTIVE RETIREMENT IN THE
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS AND A LOT

00:01:28.221 --> 00:01:30.323 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
OF WEATHER DATA COMES
THROUGH OUR BUILDING.

00:01:30.323 --> 00:01:34.761 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
SO THE NUMBER THAT YOU SEE
ON ANY GIVEN NIGHT ON A

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WEATHERCAST, THEY END UP HERE
AT NCDC AND WE'RE BASICALLY THE

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WORLD DATA LIBRARY.

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AND A LOT OF CLIMATE STUDIES
ARE BUILT UPON THIS DATA.

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AND I'M FROM THE CLIMATE
MONITORING BRANCH WITHIN THAT

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ORGANIZATION.

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OUR MISSION IS TO MONITOR AND
ASSESS AND ANALYZE AND REPORT

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ON WHAT'S GOING ON WITH
THE CLIMATE SYSTEM.

00:02:01.754 --> 00:02:06.793 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO, 15 OF MY FAVORITE PEOPLE
IN THE WORD AND I HOPE MY KIDS

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GROW UP TO BE LIKE ANY OF THESE
PEOPLE, I'LL BE THRILLED,

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A SUPER GROUP OF PEOPLE.

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SO WHERE ARE WE GOING TODAY?

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WE WILL TALK ABOUT A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT THE COMPLEXITY OF THE

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CLIMATE SYSTEM.

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WE WILL TALK ABOUT WHY TODAY'S
CLIMATE THAT WE HAVE GROWN UP

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WITH, IS LIKE IT IS.

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AND THEN, WE WILL FOCUS ON
ESPECIALLY EXAMPLES OF HOW

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DIFFERENT PIECES OF THE CLIMATE
SYSTEM ARE CONNECTED AND HOW

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INTERRELATED AND SENSITIVE TO
EACH OTHER THAT THEY REALLY

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ARE.

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TIME PERMITTING, WE WILL TALK
ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

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WEATHER AND ESPECIALLY EXTREME
BIG WEATHER AND CLIMATE.

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ALL RIGHT, SO
FIRST THINGS FIRST.

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STARTING OFF WITH A CONFESSION,
EVERYTHING IN THIS PRESENTATION

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IS SOLO.

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I OWE TOO MANY
PEOPLE TO RECOGNIZE,

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SO NONE OF THIS IS -- I'M PART
OF THE CAROUSEL OF BORROWED

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CONTENT.

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SO WE WILL JUST
JUMP RIGHT INTO IT.

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SO THIS LAST SLIDE
WITHOUT PICTURES,

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WE'RE GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT
CLIMATE RATHER THAN WEATHER.

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AND I KNOW EVERYONE HERE HAS
A GREAT FAMILIARITY WITH THE

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CLIMATE AND WEATHER.

00:03:31.511 --> 00:03:35.515 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO JUST AS A REMINDER, CLIMATE
IS MORE OF A LONG TERM.

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WE'RE TALKING ABOUT STATISTICS,
WE'RE TALKING ABOUT AVERAGES.

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WE'RE TALKING ABOUT LONG TERM
RELATIONSHIPS IN THIS PLANETARY

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CLIMATE SYSTEM INSTEAD OF
WEATHER WHERE WE'RE TALKING

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MORE ABOUT WHAT'S THE STATE OF
THE WEATHER ON A GIVEN DAY.

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SO WE WILL BE TALKING
ABOUT CLIMATE,

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WHAT IS THE LONG-TERM
SIGNAL OF PLACES,

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WHAT ARE THE LONG-TERM
DECISIONS MADE IN THE CONTEXT

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OF THAT SIGNAL AND WHY THESE
CERTAIN THINGS GROW AND

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PROSPER, WHEN AND WHERE
THEY DO ON THE PLANET.

00:04:08.114 --> 00:04:10.116 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:40%
AND THAT'S FINE.

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ALL RIGHT, ANOTHER SLIDE.

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SO THE BIG PICTURE FOR CLIMATE
AND WE'LL TALK ABOUT THESE AND

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THESE ARE TIED TO THE
LITERACY PRINCIPLES.

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THE ONE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF
ENERGY IN OUR CLIMATE SYSTEM IS

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SUN.

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AND THE CLIMATE SYSTEM IS ALL
ABOUT HOW THIS ENERGY GETS

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DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE PLANET
AND THE THINGS THAT IMPACT THE

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AMOUNT OF ENERGY THAT WE
RECEIVE AND THE WAY IT'S WORKED

00:04:32.071 --> 00:04:37.076 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AROUND THE PLANET ARE FACTORS
IN THE WHERE IT KIND OF ORBITS

00:04:42.382 --> 00:04:43.716 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
THE SUN, THE ATMOSPHERE WE
HAVE AND THE THE CHANGING

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COMPOSITION OF THAT ATMOSPHERE.

00:04:45.084 --> 00:04:49.188 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THE FACT THAT THE AIR SPINS
ONCE PER DAY HAS A BIG IMPACT

00:04:49.188 --> 00:04:55.361 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
ON NOT JUST WEATHER
BUT CLIMATE AS WELL.

00:04:55.361 --> 00:04:59.465 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND WE HAVE A PLANET THAN'S
COVERED MOSTLY IN WATER WITH

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THESE PESTY CONFIDANTS THAT
STICK OUT IN THE OCEAN.

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AND THE CONTRAST BETWEEN
TWO TYPE OF SURFACES,

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PRETTY IMPORTANT TO
CLIMATE AS AS WELL.

00:05:08.074 --> 00:05:10.576 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
WE WILL TOUCH ON A COUPLE
OF THESE AND WE'LL HIT THE

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ATMOSPHERE AND THE
OCEAN PART OF IT TODAY.

00:05:16.315 --> 00:05:22.789 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO JUST A QUICK REVIEW OF WHAT
WE ALL SEEN BEFORE IN OUR EARTH

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SCIENCES BUT WE DO HAVE SEASONS
FOR A REASON AND THIS IS -- WE

00:05:28.194 --> 00:05:30.897 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WILL GET INTO CLIMATE FIRST
BUT WE WILL TALK ABOUT SEASONS

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RIGHT NOW.

00:05:33.199 --> 00:05:37.103 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
OUR SEASONS COME FROM THE WAY
OUR EARTH ORBITS THE SUN.

00:05:37.103 --> 00:05:40.807 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SPECIFICALLY, WE GO AROUND THE
SUN ONCE PER YEAR AND OUR NORTH

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POLE IS ALSO POINTED AT THE
NORTH STAR A GREAT WAY OFF IN

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THE DISTANCE.

00:05:45.712 --> 00:05:47.947 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND AS WE ORBIT THE SUN IN
THE JUNE AND JULY MONTHS,

00:05:47.947 --> 00:05:49.315 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
OUR NORTHERN HEMISPHERE IS
POINTED, TILTED TOWARD THE SUN.

00:05:49.315 --> 00:05:50.650 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND THE DECEMBER AND JANUARY
MONTHS ARE MORE TILTED AWAY

00:05:50.650 --> 00:05:51.317 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
FROM THE SUN.

00:05:51.317 --> 00:05:52.652 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
AND IF WE WERE TILTED
TOWARDS THE SUN,

00:05:52.652 --> 00:05:53.986 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WE GET MORE DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND
WE GET LONGER DAYS AND WE ALL

00:05:53.986 --> 00:05:54.821 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:55%
THE RESULTING SUMMERS.

00:05:54.821 --> 00:05:56.856 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
WHEN WE ARE POINTED
AWAY FROM THE SUN,

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WE GET LESS DIRECT SUNLIGHT FOR
THE SUN IS LOWER IN THE SKY AND

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WE RECEIVE MORE AND MORE
AND MORE IN RECENT WEEKS.

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AS WE LIVE OUR LIVES
IN THE UNITED STATES,

00:06:06.299 --> 00:06:09.302 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WE HAVE SHORTER DAYS AND WE
CALL THAT RESULTING SEASONS

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WINTER.

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AND IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH
THE DISTANCE THAT WE ARE FROM

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THE SUN.

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IT'S ALL ABOUT THE TILT.

00:06:26.652 --> 00:06:28.187 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND IT'S ALL ABOUT WHERE THE
SUN'S RAYS ARE AIMED MOST

00:06:28.187 --> 00:06:28.855 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:58%
DIRECTLY ON THE PLANET.

00:06:28.855 --> 00:06:30.223 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
WE'RE ACTUALLY A LITTLE BIT
CLOSER TO THE SUN DURING THE

00:06:30.223 --> 00:06:31.624 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SEASON THAT WE CALL WINTER THAN
WE ARE DURING THE SEASON WE

00:06:31.624 --> 00:06:32.291 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
CALL SUMMER.

00:06:32.291 --> 00:06:34.360 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
SO IT'S ALL ABOUT THE
ORIENTATION OF THE PLANET

00:06:34.360 --> 00:06:35.027 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:40%
TOWARDS THE SUN.

00:06:35.027 --> 00:06:37.697 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND THAT IS IMPORTANT TO
CLIMATE FOR A FEW REASONS.

00:06:37.697 --> 00:06:38.564 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:50%
SO LATITUDE MATTERS.

00:06:38.564 --> 00:06:42.668 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND WE GET THIS ENERGY FROM THE
SUN AND THE REASON THAT DIRECT

00:06:42.668 --> 00:06:47.673 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
MORE INTENSE LIFE IS IMPORTANT
IS JUST LIKE IN THIS MIDDLE

00:07:07.660 --> 00:07:12.198 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
EXAMPLE OF A FLASHLIGHT OR
WHAT WE WILL CALL THE SUN,

00:07:12.198 --> 00:07:14.433 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
SHINING ON THE EARTH
FROM A DISTANCE.

00:07:14.433 --> 00:07:17.737 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WHERE IT STRIKES THE EARTH,
THE MOST DIRECT ANGLE,

00:07:17.737 --> 00:07:19.906 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
WE TEND TO HAVE THE
MOST INTENSE LIGHT.

00:07:19.906 --> 00:07:22.508 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
AND WHERE WE TEND TO HAVE
THE MOST INTENSE LIGHT,

00:07:22.508 --> 00:07:26.646 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WE TEND TO ABSORB THE MOST
ENERGY ON THE PLANET AND WE

00:07:26.646 --> 00:07:29.315 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
TEND TO HAVE IT THE
WARMEST TEMPERATURES.

00:07:29.315 --> 00:07:32.585 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO ALL ELSE BEING EQUAL, WHEN
YOU AVERAGE OUT THE SUMMERS AND

00:07:32.585 --> 00:07:36.522 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THE WINTERS AND YOU KIND OF
MATCH THEM ALL TOGETHER,

00:07:36.522 --> 00:07:41.294 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
IT'S THE EQUATOR OBVIOUSLY
GETS THE MOST ENERGY,

00:07:41.294 --> 00:07:45.198 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE MOST DIRECT LIGHT, TEND TO
HAVE THE MOST EVEN SEASON AND

00:07:45.198 --> 00:07:48.601 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
AS YOU GO FURTHER
TOWARDS THE POLE,

00:07:48.601 --> 00:07:52.905 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE LIGHT COMES IN A MUCH
STEEPER ANGLE AND NOT QUITE AS

00:07:52.905 --> 00:07:55.675 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
INTENSE.

00:07:55.675 --> 00:08:01.447 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO WHAT THAT LEAVES WITH IS A
PLANET THAT IS WARMER IN THE

00:08:01.447 --> 00:08:04.183 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
THE EQUATOR THAN
IT IS AT THE POLE.

00:08:04.183 --> 00:08:06.953 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND ALL ELSE BEING EQUAL IF IT
DIDN'T REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN,

00:08:06.953 --> 00:08:10.323 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
AND IF WE DIDN'T SPIN,
WE WOULD HAVE A REALLY,

00:08:10.323 --> 00:08:13.759 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
REALLY WARM EQUATOR AND
REALLY RALLY COLD POLE.

00:08:13.759 --> 00:08:17.697 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THE CLIMATE SYSTEM
BASICALLY SPINS IN PERPETUITY

00:08:17.697 --> 00:08:20.299 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
IN TRYING TO THEN
THAT IMBALANCE.

00:08:20.299 --> 00:08:24.103 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WE'RE BLESSED THAT THESE FLUIDS
CALLED OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERE

00:08:24.103 --> 00:08:30.376 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WHOSE MAIN IS TO TRANSPORT
THAT HEAT AWAY FROM THIS WARM

00:08:30.376 --> 00:08:32.745 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
EQUATOR FOR THESE COLD POLES.

00:08:32.745 --> 00:08:36.682 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND IT SETS IN MOTION THESE
WONDERFUL DAILY EVENTS THAT WE

00:08:36.682 --> 00:08:37.617 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
CALL WEATHER.

00:08:37.617 --> 00:08:42.655 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
AND THE CLIMATE SYSTEM IS
CONTINUOUSLY TRANSPORTING

00:08:42.655 --> 00:08:46.993 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
EQUATOR TO THE POLES D IT NEVER
CATCHES UP BECAUSE THE SUN IS

00:08:46.993 --> 00:08:48.394 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
ALSO ADDING MORE TO THE EQUATOR
AND IT MAKES FOR WHAT WE KNOW

00:08:48.394 --> 00:08:49.061 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
IT IS THE KIND OF SYSTEM TODAY.

00:08:49.061 --> 00:08:50.396 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
AND SO JUST AS A
GEE WIZ FUN THING,

00:08:50.396 --> 00:08:51.731 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
WE ACTUALLY DESIGNED
FOR THIS STUFF.

00:08:51.731 --> 00:08:53.065 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO THE REASON THAT MID-LATITUDE
AMERICANS STYLE HOUSES HAVE THE

00:08:53.065 --> 00:08:58.070 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ROOF OVERHANG THAT THEY DO IS
IT BLOCKS THE SUN OUT OF YOUR

00:09:02.241 --> 00:09:07.246 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:55%
WINDOWS IN THE SUMMER.

00:09:18.090 --> 00:09:20.326 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
WHEN THE SUN IS HIGH IN
THE SKY -- IN THE WINTER,

00:09:20.326 --> 00:09:21.727 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
THE SUN IS LOW IN THE SKY.

00:09:21.727 --> 00:09:23.062 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO ENGINEERS IN EUROPE FIGURED
THIS OUT A LONG TIME AGO AND

00:09:23.062 --> 00:09:26.699 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE FACT THAT THE SUN IS HIGHER
IN THE SKY IN THE SUMMER NOT

00:09:26.699 --> 00:09:29.568 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ONLY PLACE INTO OUR
ARCHITECTURE BUT IT GOES INTO

00:09:29.568 --> 00:09:32.305 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:50%
OUR SEASONS AS WELL.

00:09:32.305 --> 00:09:34.140 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
ALL RIGHT, SO
HERE'S THE RESULT.

00:09:34.140 --> 00:09:37.243 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO THE MAP ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF
THIS SLIDE WITH A LOT OF WORDS

00:09:37.243 --> 00:09:41.247 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
ON IT, SHOWS THE AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE OVER TIME,

00:09:41.247 --> 00:09:46.686 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
OVER AN AVERAGE YEAR FOR
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE PLANET.

00:09:46.686 --> 00:09:49.322 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
AND AS YOU CAN SEE,
AS YOU WOULD EXPECT,

00:09:49.322 --> 00:09:54.493 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THE EQUATOR LATITUDES, THE
LOW LATITUDES TEND TO BE THE

00:09:54.493 --> 00:09:58.197 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WARMEST AND THEN, NEAR THE
POLES TEND TO BE THE COLDEST.

00:09:58.197 --> 00:10:04.603 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND NOT ONLY, THAT BUT THE
EQUATOR RECEIVING THE MOST

00:10:04.603 --> 00:10:07.673 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
DIRECT SUNLIGHT, THE MOST
CONSISTENT THROUGHOUT THE YEAR,

00:10:07.673 --> 00:10:11.277 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PLACES NEAR THE EQUATOR TEND TO
HAVE MORE CONSTANT TEMPERATURE

00:10:11.277 --> 00:10:13.546 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
OVER THE COURSE OF A YEAR.

00:10:13.546 --> 00:10:15.348 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
AND AS YOU GO
CLOSER TO THE POLE,

00:10:15.348 --> 00:10:19.452 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
YOU SEE NOT ONLY DOES IT COOL
OFF BUT YOU SEE DRAMATIC

00:10:19.452 --> 00:10:22.855 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
SEASONAL SWINGS IN
THE CLIMATE AS WELL.

00:10:22.855 --> 00:10:27.860 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO ALASKA AT THE NORTHERN SLOPE
OF ALASKA YOU WILL SEE AVERAGE

00:10:30.129 --> 00:10:34.066 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
JANUARY TEMPERATURE OF MINUS 50
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT AND IT SOARS

00:10:34.066 --> 00:10:37.670 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
UP TO A BALMY 40 DEGREES
FAHRENHEIT IN JULY.

00:10:37.670 --> 00:10:41.540 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THAT'S A BIG SWING IN A SIX
MONTH PERIOD WHERE THE EQUATOR

00:10:41.540 --> 00:10:46.012 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IN VENEZUELA, YOU WILL SEE
PRETTY MUCH CONSTANT THROUGHOUT

00:10:46.012 --> 00:10:47.046 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
THE YEAR.

00:10:47.046 --> 00:10:51.050 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SO TWO THINGS THAT PLAY ON
THIS MAP, FIRST OF ALL, YES,

00:10:51.050 --> 00:10:54.553 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ABSOLUTELY THE EQUATOR IS THE
WARMEST PLACE ON THE PLANET,

00:10:54.553 --> 00:10:57.857 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
GENERALLY SPEAKING, AND THE
POLES ARE COLD AND IT TENDS TO

00:10:57.857 --> 00:10:58.524 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
COOL OFF.

00:10:58.524 --> 00:11:00.826 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE OTHER THING IS THE EQUATOR
IS THE MOST CONSISTENT

00:11:00.826 --> 00:11:07.500 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
TEMPERATURE ON THE PLANET AND
WE TEND TO HAVE MORE VARIATION

00:11:07.500 --> 00:11:11.804 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
CLOSER THE CLOSER TO THE POLE
THAT WE GO AND THAT IS GOING TO

00:11:11.804 --> 00:11:14.840 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PLAY A ROLE WHEN WE FINALLY
START TALKING ABOUT THE WAY THE

00:11:14.840 --> 00:11:17.176 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
ATMOSPHERE AND THE OCEAN
MOVES THESE THINGS AROUND.

00:11:17.176 --> 00:11:20.346 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
SO WE HAVE OUR FIRST
QUIZ QUESTION AND BRUCE,

00:11:20.346 --> 00:11:23.115 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IF YOU COULD LOAD UP THE
QUESTION WITH THE QUESTION WITH

00:11:23.115 --> 00:11:23.783 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
THE CURRENTS.

00:11:23.783 --> 00:11:27.486 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
I BELIEVE IT SAYS, "WHICH COAST
WILL HAVE CERTAIN CURRENTS."

00:11:27.486 --> 00:11:32.491 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
>> OKAY, THE POLLS ARE
OPEN NOW, PLEASE VOTE.

00:12:15.000 --> 00:12:17.002 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:63%
JUST ANOTHER FEW SECONDS.

00:12:29.281 --> 00:12:31.750 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
OKAY.

00:12:31.750 --> 00:12:36.522 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
>> ALL RIGHT AND I THINK IT WAS
KIND OF A DIRTY TRICK ON MY

00:12:36.522 --> 00:12:42.161 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
PART BRUCE, I ACCIDENTALLY
GAVE THE WRONG ORDER.

00:12:42.161 --> 00:12:46.031 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
I THINK THE NEXT ONE MAY BE THE
-- REMEMBER THE ANSWERS TO THIS

00:12:46.031 --> 00:12:48.701 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
BECAUSE WE WILL
VISIT THIS IN A BIT.

00:12:48.701 --> 00:12:53.272 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THE NEXT FULL QUESTION, POLL
NUMBER TWO HAS TO DO WITH

00:12:53.272 --> 00:12:54.306 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:48%
COASTS AND CURRENT.

00:12:54.306 --> 00:12:56.775 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
CAN WE GO AHEAD AND
DO THAT ONE AS WELL?

00:12:56.775 --> 00:12:57.443 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
>> SURE.

00:12:57.443 --> 00:13:02.414 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:48%
THE POLLS ARE OPEN.

00:13:15.027 --> 00:13:18.097 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
YOU CAN GO BACK TO ANY SET OF
THESE ANSWERS AS YOU LIKE,

00:13:18.097 --> 00:13:18.764 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
I BELIEVE.

00:13:18.764 --> 00:13:19.431 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
>> SUPER.

00:13:19.431 --> 00:13:20.099 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
THANKS BRUCE.

00:13:20.099 --> 00:13:25.104 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
JUST A FEW MORE SECONDS.

00:14:01.874 --> 00:14:03.709 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:70%
>> ALL RIGHT THANKS A BUNCH.

00:14:03.709 --> 00:14:08.714 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
>> SO IN ASKING THE QUESTION,
WHICH COASTS OF THE CONTENT

00:14:13.252 --> 00:14:17.056 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
TEND TO HAVE THE WARM CURRENTS?

00:14:17.056 --> 00:14:20.459 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND IT TURN US OUT WE HAVE NOT
EVEN GOT TO THE ATMOSPHERE YET

00:14:20.459 --> 00:14:24.597 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BUT ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
WAYS OF TRANSPORTING HEAT FROM

00:14:24.597 --> 00:14:27.633 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THE EQUATOR TO THE POLES IS
OUR OCEAN SYSTEM AND THEIR

00:14:27.633 --> 00:14:28.867 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
CURRENTS.

00:14:28.867 --> 00:14:34.206 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND THE OCEAN TENDS TO BE
DRIVEN BY THE -- THEY HAVE

00:14:34.206 --> 00:14:38.944 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
LARGE SCALE CIRCULATION
FEATURES CALLED GIGERS AND YOU

00:14:38.944 --> 00:14:44.216 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
CAN SEE ON THE SCREEN, THEY
TEND TO ROTATE AROUND THE MAJOR

00:14:44.216 --> 00:14:49.755 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
OCEAN BASE AND THEY TEND TO
BRING WARM EQUATORIAL WATER UP

00:14:49.755 --> 00:14:54.760 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE EAST COAST AND THEY TEND TO
BRING COLD POLAR ORGIN WATER

00:14:57.296 --> 00:14:58.564 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:50%
DOWN THE WEST COAST.

00:14:58.564 --> 00:15:02.635 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SO THE REASON THAT SAN
FRANCISCO IS SO DARN CHILLY

00:15:02.635 --> 00:15:06.171 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
COMPARED TO WASHINGTON
D.C. EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE

00:15:06.171 --> 00:15:10.009 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
RELATIVELY THE SAME LATITUDE,
THEY ARE ABOUT THE SAME

00:15:10.009 --> 00:15:12.011 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:75%
DISTANCE NORTH OF THE EQUATOR.

00:15:12.011 --> 00:15:17.016 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WASHINGTON D.C. HAS A -- ITS
OWN WARM CURRENT THAT COMES UP

00:15:21.887 --> 00:15:23.222 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
THAT WE CALL THE GULF STREAM.

00:15:23.222 --> 00:15:28.027 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO AGAIN THE EASTERN SIDES OF
THE CONTINENT TEND TO HAVE THE

00:15:28.027 --> 00:15:30.996 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:68%
WARM WATER FLOWING BY THEM.

00:15:30.996 --> 00:15:33.866 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THAT'S AN IMPORTANT CLIMATE
FEATURE AND IS SO MUCH HEAT

00:15:33.866 --> 00:15:39.138 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
TRANSPORTED THROUGH THESE OCEAN
CURRENTS AND THEY ARE ALL

00:15:39.138 --> 00:15:43.542 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
ULTIMATELY CONNECTED BUT
THE MAJOR BASIONS HAVE VERY

00:15:43.542 --> 00:15:45.277 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
RECOGNIZABLE
CIRCULATION PATTERNS.

00:15:45.277 --> 00:15:48.914 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND JUST THE FACT THAT THE
EQUATOR ABSORBS THE MOST HEAT

00:15:48.914 --> 00:15:51.283 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND TEND TO BE THE WARMEST
PART OF THE PLANET,

00:15:51.283 --> 00:15:55.654 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE OCEAN IS ONE OF TWO REALLY
IMPORTANT SYSTEMS WITHIN THE

00:15:55.654 --> 00:16:00.326 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
CLIMATE TO HEAT FROM THE
EQUATOR TO THE POLES.

00:16:00.326 --> 00:16:03.662 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
AND BECAUSE OUR EARTH
SPINS ONCE PER DAY,

00:16:03.662 --> 00:16:06.932 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT SETS UP A REAL ROTATING
ELEMENT TO IT BUT WE DO END UP

00:16:06.932 --> 00:16:09.902 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WITH THESE LARGE OCEAN GUISERS
AND WE DO END UP WITH THE

00:16:09.902 --> 00:16:14.373 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
EASTERN SIDE OF CONTINENTS
GETTING IN GENERAL THE WARM

00:16:14.373 --> 00:16:15.574 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
CURRENTS.

00:16:15.574 --> 00:16:19.378 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND THE WESTERN SIDE CONTINENTS
GETTING THE COOL CURRENTS.

00:16:19.378 --> 00:16:22.815 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND YOU MIGHT NOTICE AND HANG
ON TO THIS FOR LATER IN THE

00:16:22.815 --> 00:16:25.651 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
PRESENTATION BUT WE TEND TO
HAVE EASTERLY WINDS FROM THE

00:16:25.651 --> 00:16:26.985 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
EAST THE WEST AND
EASTERLY CURRENTS,

00:16:26.985 --> 00:16:32.925 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
OCEAN WATER FROM THE EAST TO
THE WEST NEAR THE EQUATOR AND

00:16:32.925 --> 00:16:34.927 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
WE WILL COME BACK TO THAT.

00:16:36.528 --> 00:16:37.196 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
ALL RIGHT.

00:16:37.196 --> 00:16:43.769 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO THE ATMOSPHERE: THIS IS A
CRAZY COMPLICATED DIAGRAM BUT

00:16:43.769 --> 00:16:47.005 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IF THE EARTH DIDN'T SPIN AND
WE DIDN'T HAVE DAY AND NIGHT,

00:16:47.005 --> 00:16:48.807 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
IT WOULD BE REALLY SIMPLE.

00:16:48.807 --> 00:16:54.513 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE ATMOSPHERE WOULD TRANSPORT
WARM TROPICAL AIR TO THE POLLS

00:16:54.513 --> 00:16:58.384 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND POLES DRIVE POLAR AIR TO
THE TROPICS AND IT WOULD BE

00:16:58.384 --> 00:16:59.151 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
THAT SIMPLE.

00:16:59.151 --> 00:17:02.054 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BUT THE FACT THAT THE EARTH
ROTATES AND IT THROWS A MONKEY

00:17:02.054 --> 00:17:05.824 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WRENCH INTO THAT WHOLE PROCESS
AND WHAT WE END UP WITH IS THIS

00:17:05.824 --> 00:17:12.264 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
EMBEDDED SYSTEM OF CELLS ON
A CLIMATE SCALE THAT WORKS

00:17:12.264 --> 00:17:16.735 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
TOGETHER TO EVENTUALLY
TRANSPORT HEAT FROM THE EQUATOR

00:17:16.735 --> 00:17:17.903 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
TO THE POLES.

00:17:17.903 --> 00:17:22.274 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND WE ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE
POLAR CELLS AND THESE ARE

00:17:22.274 --> 00:17:25.811 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ESSENTIALLY WHERE WE HAVE, IF
YOU'RE LOOKING AT THE THE SIDE

00:17:25.811 --> 00:17:26.478 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
HERE.

00:17:26.478 --> 00:17:30.616 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
SO IN THE TROPICS, WE
HAVE LOTS OF RISING AIR.

00:17:30.616 --> 00:17:34.386 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND WE TEND TO SEE LOTS OF
THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY WITH THAT

00:17:34.386 --> 00:17:35.454 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:28%
RISING AIR.

00:17:35.454 --> 00:17:38.991 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND EVENTUALLY THAT'S SO -- IT
MAKES IT PART OF THE WAY THE

00:17:38.991 --> 00:17:43.462 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
UPPER BAND UP TO ABOUT 30
DEGREES LATITUDE ON EITHER

00:17:43.462 --> 00:17:46.165 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
SIDE, SOUTH OR NORTH.

00:17:46.165 --> 00:17:51.537 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
AND WE TEND TO HAVE THESE
SINKING AREAS HAPPENS.

00:17:51.537 --> 00:17:56.542 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND SO, EVENTUALLY -- I'M SORRY
-- ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT CELLS

00:17:59.044 --> 00:18:04.817 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WORK TOGETHER IN THE ATMOSPHERE
WAY TO HELP TRANSPORT ENERGY AS

00:18:04.817 --> 00:18:05.484 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
WELL.

00:18:05.484 --> 00:18:10.022 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE FACT THAT THE EARTH ROTATES
TENDS TO DISRUPT THE CLEAN

00:18:10.022 --> 00:18:14.693 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
TRAVEL FROM EQUATOR TO COLD,
SO THE FACT THAT THE EARTH IS

00:18:14.693 --> 00:18:18.630 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SPINNING TEND TO SET UP THESE
THREE MAJOR CELLS AND KIND OF

00:18:18.630 --> 00:18:22.568 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
ENDS UP WORKING TOGETHER
TO A COMPLEX WAY,

00:18:22.568 --> 00:18:25.471 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
EVENTUALLY TRANSPORTING
THOSE EXTRA ENERGY.

00:18:25.471 --> 00:18:29.808 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
IT IS A LOT MORE COMPLICATED
DRIFT IN THE ATMOSPHERE

00:18:29.808 --> 00:18:32.211 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
NECESSARILY THAN IT
IS CONTINUE OCEAN.

00:18:32.211 --> 00:18:34.379 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
BUT IT DOES GIVE US SOME
OF OUR AQUATIC FEATURES.

00:18:34.379 --> 00:18:41.053 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT IS NO COINCIDENCE THAT THIS
SINKING AIR OCCURS AT ABOUT 25

00:18:41.053 --> 00:18:43.789 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
TO 30-DEGREES
LATITUDE ON THE MAP.

00:18:43.789 --> 00:18:47.826 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND THEN, IT'S ALSO NO
COINCIDENCE THAT THE EARTH'S

00:18:47.826 --> 00:18:52.831 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
MAJOR DESERTS HAPPEN TO BE AT
ABOUT 25 TO 30-DEGREES LATITUDE

00:18:55.968 --> 00:18:56.668 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
ON A MAP.

00:18:56.668 --> 00:19:00.372 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
SO, DESERTS, THERE'S
MIDDLE EAST, VERY DRY.

00:19:00.372 --> 00:19:05.344 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
SO THIS BELT AND THIS BELT
TENDS TO SHOW SOME REALLY

00:19:08.247 --> 00:19:10.249 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:58%
HISTORICALLY DRY AREAS.

00:19:10.249 --> 00:19:13.218 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SO THERE IS A REASON THE
DESERTS ARE WHERE THEY ARE.

00:19:13.218 --> 00:19:15.954 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND THIS IS OUR FIRST REAL
CONNECTION BETWEEN THE

00:19:15.954 --> 00:19:20.492 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ATMOSPHERE AND THE LAND WHERE
WE HAVE THIS NATURAL SINKING

00:19:20.492 --> 00:19:22.728 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:63%
MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

00:19:22.728 --> 00:19:25.731 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
AND WE TEND TO HAVE THE
DRY PARTS OF THE EARTH.

00:19:25.731 --> 00:19:30.936 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
AND THAT'S JUST AS
SIMPLE AS THE FACT THAT,

00:19:30.936 --> 00:19:33.472 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AS LONG AS YOU DON'T HAVE
DAY-TO-DAY WEATHER DISRUPTING

00:19:33.472 --> 00:19:37.276 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT, ON THE AVERAGE, YOU GET
SINKING AIR OVER THESE REGIONS

00:19:37.276 --> 00:19:42.214 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IT TENDS TO BRING DRY AIR
FROM BEHIND THE ATMOSPHERE DOWN

00:19:42.214 --> 00:19:45.317 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
AND SETS UP OUR DESERTS.

00:19:45.317 --> 00:19:47.953 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WHAT'S REALLY COOL IS IF WE
WANT TO THROW THE OCEANS IN

00:19:47.953 --> 00:19:52.491 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THERE TOO, WE HAVE DESERTS IN
THE OCEAN AS WELL AND SO WHAT

00:19:52.491 --> 00:19:57.262 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THIS MAP SHOWS, AGAIN, THIS
IS LOOKING AT THE OCEAN.

00:19:57.262 --> 00:20:00.299 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
THIS IS THE SALTINESS
OF THE OCEAN.

00:20:00.299 --> 00:20:03.702 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SO THIS IS A MEASURE OF
SALINITY OR HOW CONCENTRATED

00:20:03.702 --> 00:20:07.739 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
THE SALT IS IN THE
SALTWATER OF THE OCEAN.

00:20:07.739 --> 00:20:12.578 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IT PLACES WHERE THERE IS
MORE EVAPORATION THAN RAINFALL,

00:20:12.578 --> 00:20:14.680 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:40%
THE END TENDS TO
BE PRETTY SALTY.

00:20:14.680 --> 00:20:18.417 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IN PLACES WHERE THERE IS
MORE RAINFALL THAN EVAPORATION,

00:20:18.417 --> 00:20:20.752 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
THE OCEAN TENDS TO
BE A LITTLE FRESHER.

00:20:20.752 --> 00:20:24.923 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND YOU YOU CAN SEE THAT ON
THIS SAME BELT WHERE WE HAVE

00:20:24.923 --> 00:20:29.661 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE PLANET'S GREAT DESERTS, WE
ALSO HAVE THE OCEAN'S GREAT

00:20:29.661 --> 00:20:33.265 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
DESERTS AND THE OCEAN IS REALLY
SALTY IN THOSE AREA WHERE

00:20:33.265 --> 00:20:38.904 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
EVAPORATION DOMINATES
PRECIPITATION.

00:20:38.904 --> 00:20:44.443 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND SO THAT'S A WAY THAT YOU
MAY NOT INDISTINCTLY THINK

00:20:44.443 --> 00:20:47.279 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ABOUT IT AND I KNOW I SURE
WOULDN'T BUT THE 0 HUNG ITSELF

00:20:47.279 --> 00:20:48.614 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ALSO HAS DESERT AREAS, DRY
AREAS AND AREAS OF ITS OWN AND

00:20:48.614 --> 00:20:52.184 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE OCEAN IN THESE SALTY AREAS,
THE OCEAN IS BASICALLY GIVING

00:20:52.184 --> 00:20:57.189 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
UP MORE WATER THAN IT IS
RECEIVING IN PRECIPITATION.

00:21:02.561 --> 00:21:06.264 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THAT WATER GOES INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE AND RAINS OUT AS

00:21:06.264 --> 00:21:09.301 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
RAIN OR SOMEWHERE
ELSE ON THE PLANET.

00:21:09.301 --> 00:21:12.638 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND SO THERE IS A FIRST BIG
KIND OF LARGE SCALE CONNECTION

00:21:12.638 --> 00:21:16.108 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
THAT WE CAN SEE
BETWEEN OUR ORBIT,

00:21:16.108 --> 00:21:19.778 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE FACT THAT THE PLANET IS
ROTATING AND THE FACT THAT THE

00:21:19.778 --> 00:21:24.149 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ROTATION OF THE PLANET SETS UP
THESE DESERT LIKE AREAS AND

00:21:24.149 --> 00:21:27.786 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
IT'S NOT JUST OVER LAND,
IT'S ALSO OVER THE EARTH.

00:21:27.786 --> 00:21:31.256 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WE
SEE IN A CHANGING CLIMATE IS

00:21:31.256 --> 00:21:33.859 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THAT THE SALTY PARTS OF THE
OCEAN ARE ACTUALLY GETTING

00:21:33.859 --> 00:21:37.529 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SALTIER, AND THE OTHER PARTS OF
THE OCEAN ARE GETTING SALTIER.

00:21:37.529 --> 00:21:43.702 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO ITS' AN INDICATOR TO US WITH
THIS NATURAL REFERENCE FOR

00:21:43.702 --> 00:21:48.440 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
RAININESS OR DROUGHTINESS
IS TENDING TO INTENSIFY.

00:21:48.440 --> 00:21:50.142 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
AND THAT'S HAPPENING
OVER LAND TOO.

00:21:50.142 --> 00:21:53.545 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THE DRY PLACES ARE TENDING TO
GET DRIER AND THE WET PLACES

00:21:53.545 --> 00:21:56.248 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
ARE TENDING TO GET DRIER AND
SHOWS UP IN THE OCEAN AS

00:21:56.248 --> 00:21:56.915 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
SALINITY.

00:21:56.915 --> 00:21:57.582 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
ALL RIGHT.

00:21:57.582 --> 00:22:03.955 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SO ALL OF THAT TOGETHER AND
WE WON'T DWELL ON THIS MAP,

00:22:03.955 --> 00:22:08.760 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
BUT THE FACT THAT WE HAVE
ALL OF THE HEAT BASICALLY

00:22:08.760 --> 00:22:12.397 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
CONGREGATING OR IN THE
EQUATORIAL REGION AND WE HAVE

00:22:12.397 --> 00:22:15.834 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND WE HAVE OCEAN AND
ATMOSPHERE MOVING ENERGY AROUND

00:22:15.834 --> 00:22:20.372 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THE PLANET AND WE CONTINENTS
GETTING IN THE WAY,

00:22:20.372 --> 00:22:24.876 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
THAT SETS UP ALL OF THESE
FANTASTIC CLIMATE TYPES

00:22:24.876 --> 00:22:26.111 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.

00:22:26.111 --> 00:22:29.514 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SO WITHOUT GETTING INTO WHAT
EACH ONE OF THESE CLIMATE

00:22:29.514 --> 00:22:33.819 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
MEANS, BASICALLY, THE TYPE OF
CLIMATE THAT EACH PART OF THE

00:22:33.819 --> 00:22:38.056 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
WORLD EXPERIENCES IS REALLY
RELATED TO THOSE LARGE-SCALE

00:22:38.056 --> 00:22:39.991 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
FEATURES LIKE WE
JUST TALKED ABOUT,

00:22:39.991 --> 00:22:45.664 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WHERE IS THE LAND RELATIVE TO
THIS -- THESE AREAS OF SINKING

00:22:45.664 --> 00:22:49.167 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AIR LIKE RIGHT IN HERE WHERE
WE HAVE THESE GREAT DESERTS?

00:22:49.167 --> 00:22:52.437 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND WHERE IS THE LAND IN THESE
PARTS OF THE CELLS WHERE WE

00:22:52.437 --> 00:22:53.505 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
HAVE A LOT OF RISEING AIR?

00:22:53.505 --> 00:22:55.407 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:70%
AND THAT IS THE RAIN FOREST.

00:22:55.407 --> 00:22:58.643 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
THAT'S WHY WE HAVE THE
DIFFERENT CLIMATE TYPES.

00:22:58.643 --> 00:23:03.248 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WE GO INTO THESE BUT WE MOVE
MORE TOWARD THE RELATIONSHIP.

00:23:03.248 --> 00:23:08.253 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
ALL RIGHT, SO, THIS WE'RE
GOING TO LOOK AT QUITE A FEW

00:23:12.090 --> 00:23:16.027 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
CLUTTERED CONCEPTUAL DIAGRAMS
OF THE DIFFERENT CLIMATE

00:23:16.027 --> 00:23:16.695 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
SYSTEMS.

00:23:16.695 --> 00:23:21.800 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THESE WERE ALL OBVIOUSLY DONE
BY REALLY OVERZEALOUS ENGINEERS

00:23:21.800 --> 00:23:26.171 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THAT LIKE TO COMPARTMENTALIZE
DIFFERENT PARTS OF IT AND

00:23:26.171 --> 00:23:27.439 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
REALLY USEFUL FOR LOOKING AT.

00:23:27.439 --> 00:23:34.246 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO FIRST OF ALL, LET'S THINK
ABOUT WHAT A COMPLEX SYSTEM IS.

00:23:34.246 --> 00:23:37.883 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE CLIMATE IS A COMPLEX SYSTEM
AND WHAT A COMPLEX SYSTEM MEANS

00:23:37.883 --> 00:23:40.919 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
IS IT HAS A LOT OF PARTS AND
THEY ARE INTERCONNECTED.

00:23:40.919 --> 00:23:44.990 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND THE PARTS ARE SENSITIVE TO
EACH OTHER AND THE PARTS MAY

00:23:44.990 --> 00:23:49.261 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
INTERACT IN WAYS THAT HAVE
EITHER UNPREDICTABLE OR

00:23:49.261 --> 00:23:53.398 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SURPRISINGLY LARGE CONSEQUENCES
IN OTHER PARTS OF THE SYSTEM.

00:23:53.398 --> 00:23:58.937 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO HYPOTHETICALLY SPEAKING, WE
CAN HAVE -- WE CAN IMAGINE A

00:23:58.937 --> 00:24:01.840 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
CLASS WITH 32 STUDENTS IN IT.

00:24:01.840 --> 00:24:05.177 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:70%
AND THIS IS SAY ONE DIAGRAM.

00:24:05.177 --> 00:24:09.948 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
AND IF SOMETHING HAPPENS
WITH ONE OF THOSE STUDENTS,

00:24:09.948 --> 00:24:15.554 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IT PROBABLY WON'T HAVE THE SAME
EFFECT ON ALL OF THE STUDENTS

00:24:15.554 --> 00:24:17.189 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
IN THE SYSTEM.

00:24:17.189 --> 00:24:20.425 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
DEPENDING ON THE MAGNITUDE
OF THAT DISRUPTION,

00:24:20.425 --> 00:24:23.128 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
IT MAY AFFECT DIFFERENT
STUDENTS DIFFERENTLY.

00:24:23.128 --> 00:24:28.099 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IT MAY HAVE A HUGE EFFECT, IT
MAY HAVE A NOTICED EFFECT.

00:24:28.099 --> 00:24:30.735 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
AND THAT'S FOR DISRUPTING
A PIECE OF THE SYSTEM.

00:24:30.735 --> 00:24:36.775 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND LET'S SAY WE CHANGE THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE ENTIRE ROOM.

00:24:36.775 --> 00:24:40.779 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AGAIN, IN A COMPLEX SYSTEM WITH
LOTS OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS,

00:24:43.048 --> 00:24:47.285 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
RAISING THE TEMPERATURE TO 80
WILL NOT HAVE THE SAME EFFECT

00:24:47.285 --> 00:24:51.823 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ON EACH INDIVIDUAL STUDENT AND
IT DEFINITELY WON'T HAVE A

00:24:51.823 --> 00:24:55.026 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
SUPER PREDICTABLE EFFECT
ON THE ENTIRE CLASSROOM.

00:24:55.026 --> 00:24:59.598 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THESE COMPONENTS FEED INTO
EACH OTHER IN WAYS THAT ARE

00:24:59.598 --> 00:25:05.203 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
DIFFICULT TO EASILY QUANTIFY
AND EASILY PREDICT.

00:25:05.203 --> 00:25:07.973 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
SO YOU KNOW, WHEN WE ARE
TALKING ABOUT THE CLIMATE

00:25:07.973 --> 00:25:10.175 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
SYSTEM, IT IS ONE
OF MANY, MANY,

00:25:10.175 --> 00:25:13.712 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
MANY COMPLEX SYSTEMS THAT WE
ENCOUNTER THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES.

00:25:13.712 --> 00:25:15.046 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND WE COME TO RECOGNIZE MANY
OF THESE KIND OF SYSTEMS.

00:25:15.046 --> 00:25:18.216 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WE COME TO LEARN HOW TO MANAGE
MANY OF THESE COMPLEX SYSTEMS.

00:25:18.216 --> 00:25:22.153 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
AND SO WE ARE TRYING TO
TAKE THAT SAME APPROACH AND

00:25:22.153 --> 00:25:27.325 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
COMPLEXITY TO THE WAY
WE LOOK AT CLIMATE.

00:25:27.325 --> 00:25:32.230 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO FINALLY, HERE'S THE CLASSIC
CLIMATE SYSTEM DIAGRAM OF ALL

00:25:32.230 --> 00:25:35.500 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
OF THE PIECES AND ALL OF THE
MOVING PARTS AND SUPPOSEDLY,

00:25:35.500 --> 00:25:37.369 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:68%
HOW THEY ARE ALL CONNECTED.

00:25:37.369 --> 00:25:43.241 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND YOU CAN GO ON THE INTERNET
AND FIND ANY MYRIAD OF THESE

00:25:43.241 --> 00:25:44.242 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
PRESENTATIONS.

00:25:44.242 --> 00:25:48.914 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND THEY ALL HAVE TO DO WITH
THE COMPOSITION OF OF THE

00:25:48.914 --> 00:25:50.849 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:70%
ATMOSPHERE WHICH IS UP HERE.

00:25:50.849 --> 00:25:54.419 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THEY WILL HAVE TO DO WITH HOW
DOES WATER MOVE AROUND THE

00:25:54.419 --> 00:25:59.424 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
CLIMATE SYSTEM TO REPRESENT IT
ON THE LEFT AND THIS DIAGRAM?

00:25:59.424 --> 00:26:02.894 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND THEN, INCREASINGLY, WE
BECOME MORE CONCERNED ABOUT HOW

00:26:02.894 --> 00:26:05.597 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
CARBON MOVES THROUGH
THIS SYSTEM AS WELL.

00:26:05.597 --> 00:26:11.136 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO IT'S A PLANETARY SYSTEM THAT
ENCAPSULATES WEATHER AND WATER

00:26:11.136 --> 00:26:14.439 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
BUT IT'S ALSO SENSITIVE THE
WAY CARBON MOVES THROUGH THE

00:26:14.439 --> 00:26:15.373 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:18%
SYSTEM.

00:26:15.373 --> 00:26:20.545 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND WE WILL TALK ABOUT ALL
OF THESE IN A LITTLE BIT.

00:26:20.545 --> 00:26:23.982 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SO HERE'S ONE EXAMPLE OF A
SO-CALLED SIMPLE CONNECTION.

00:26:23.982 --> 00:26:28.687 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND THIS IS JUST THE CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE LAND AND ATMOSPHERE

00:26:28.687 --> 00:26:30.922 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
AND HOW THEY SHARE
WATER WITH EACH OTHER.

00:26:30.922 --> 00:26:34.492 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND WE ARE LEAVING OUT A HUGE
PIECE OF THE CLIMATE SYSTEM

00:26:34.492 --> 00:26:37.829 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
CALLED THE OCEAN BUT WE
WILL GET THERE IN A SECOND.

00:26:37.829 --> 00:26:41.433 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
SO THIS IS THE CLASSIC
HYDROLOGICAL DIAGRAM WHERE

00:26:41.433 --> 00:26:43.969 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
DEPENDING ON IN THIS CYCLE
WHERE YOU WANT TO START,

00:26:43.969 --> 00:26:50.308 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND WE WILL START WITH
EVAPORATION AND TRANSPORTATION

00:26:50.308 --> 00:26:51.443 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
FROM PLANTS.

00:26:51.443 --> 00:26:56.014 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO THESE TWO WAYS RIGHT HERE
ARE WAYS OF GETTING WATER FROM

00:26:56.014 --> 00:26:59.250 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
A MORE LIQUID FORM IN THE
GROUND TO A VAPOR FORM IN THE

00:26:59.250 --> 00:27:00.585 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:28%
ATMOSPHERE.

00:27:00.585 --> 00:27:03.788 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
AND THAT MAY
CONDENSE INTO CLOUDS.

00:27:03.788 --> 00:27:06.825 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THOSE CLOUDS MAY CONDENSE
BUT THEY CAN GENERATE

00:27:06.825 --> 00:27:11.029 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PRECIPITATION WHICH MAY MAKE IT
ALL THE WAY TO THE GROUND AS

00:27:11.029 --> 00:27:14.933 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
RAIN OR SNOW IN WHICH IT
BECOMES SURFACE WATER.

00:27:14.933 --> 00:27:18.570 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND IT MAY INFILTRATE INTO THE
GROUND AND FLOW THROUGH THE

00:27:18.570 --> 00:27:21.606 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
GROUND WHERE PLANTS AT
LEAST WILL PICK IT UP.

00:27:21.606 --> 00:27:26.444 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
OR IT COULD BE INTERRUPTED
OR REVERSED IN PARTS OF THIS

00:27:26.444 --> 00:27:27.112 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:15%
CYCLE.

00:27:27.112 --> 00:27:31.316 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SO JUST THINKING ABOUT THE
TERRESTRIAL OR LAND PART AND

00:27:31.316 --> 00:27:35.220 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THE ATMOSPHERE PART, THERE IS
A LOT OF CLIMATE AND WEATHER

00:27:35.220 --> 00:27:36.354 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
GOING ON.

00:27:36.354 --> 00:27:39.591 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
BUT THERE IS A LOT OF THE
SHARING OF THE WATER THROUGHOUT

00:27:39.591 --> 00:27:40.258 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:28%
THE SYSTEM.

00:27:40.258 --> 00:27:45.130 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THIS IS ONE WAY IN WHICH THIS
GIANT SYSTEM THAT WE CALL THE

00:27:45.130 --> 00:27:48.800 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
LAND OR TERRESTRIAL PART OF THE
ATMOSPHERE COMMUNICATES WITH

00:27:48.800 --> 00:27:51.703 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH WATER.

00:27:51.703 --> 00:27:54.272 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THERE IS A LOT OF NOT
JUST WATER MOVING THROUGH THE

00:27:54.272 --> 00:27:56.274 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
SYSTEM, BUT WATER
REPRESENTS ENERGY.

00:27:56.274 --> 00:27:59.511 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND IT TAKES A LOT OF
ENERGY TO EVAPORATE WATER.

00:27:59.511 --> 00:28:03.081 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IT RELEASES A LOT OF ENERGY
TO CONDENSE OR FREEZE WATER.

00:28:03.081 --> 00:28:07.385 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
AND SO IT'S THE ENERGY
HIDDEN IN THOSE LATENT HEAT

00:28:07.385 --> 00:28:10.755 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
EVAPORATION AND
CONDENSATION OF WATER.

00:28:10.755 --> 00:28:13.691 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO IT'S NOT JUST COMMUNICATING
WATER WITH EACH OTHER BUT ALSO

00:28:13.691 --> 00:28:16.027 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
COMMUNICATING ENERGY AS WELL.

00:28:16.027 --> 00:28:21.833 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IF WE CAN THROW IN THE OCEAN,
IT'S THIS DIAGRAM AS WELL.

00:28:21.833 --> 00:28:27.505 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
IT'S BASICALLY THE
SAME GENERAL PROCESSES.

00:28:27.505 --> 00:28:32.243 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
BUT IN THIS DIAGRAM, THEY
QUANTIFY IT A LITTLE BIT OF A

00:28:32.243 --> 00:28:35.780 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
GIVEN AMOUNT OF WATER, HOW MUCH
IS INVOLVED IN A CERTAIN PIECE

00:28:35.780 --> 00:28:37.582 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:75%
OF THAT CYCLE AT A GIVEN TIME.

00:28:37.582 --> 00:28:42.454 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
BUT AGAIN, THE SAME GENERAL
SHARING OF WATER AS A CYCLE

00:28:42.454 --> 00:28:44.823 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:75%
THROUGHOUT THE CLIMATE SYSTEM.

00:28:44.823 --> 00:28:50.462 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE MAJOR PIECES OF THE CLIMATE
SYSTEM BEING LAND, ATMOSPHERE,

00:28:50.462 --> 00:28:54.899 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
OCEAN AND SURFACE WATER
AND CRISPHERE FOR ICE ARE

00:28:54.899 --> 00:28:58.436 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
REPRESENTED, ALL TOUCH
EACH OTHER THROUGH WATER.

00:28:58.436 --> 00:29:01.973 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND AS WE'LL SEE HERE SOON, IF
YOU PULL ONE OF THE PIECES OF

00:29:01.973 --> 00:29:05.944 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THIS SYSTEM, YOU WILL BE MAKING
CHANGES TO OTHER PIECES OF THE

00:29:05.944 --> 00:29:08.313 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:38%
SYSTEM AS WELL.

00:29:08.313 --> 00:29:11.349 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
ANOTHER WAY OF SHARING
THROUGHOUT THE WHOLE CLIMATE

00:29:11.349 --> 00:29:15.720 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SYSTEM, ANOTHER FACTOR THAT'S
COMMUNICATED THROUGHOUT THE

00:29:15.720 --> 00:29:18.523 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
CLIMATE SYSTEM IS CARBON
AND WE'RE GETTING BETTER AT

00:29:18.523 --> 00:29:21.092 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:63%
QUANTIFYING THESE THINGS.

00:29:21.092 --> 00:29:26.231 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
CARBON IS THE STUFF OF LIFE
AND IT IS CONTINUOUSLY SHARED

00:29:26.231 --> 00:29:30.034 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THROUGHOUT THE CLIMATE SYSTEM
AS THINGS GROW, AS TREES GROW,

00:29:30.034 --> 00:29:33.972 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THEY ARE TAKING CARBON DIOXIDE
OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE TO ADD

00:29:33.972 --> 00:29:36.574 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
CARBON IN MASS TO THEIR
PIECE OF THE CARBON SYSTEM.

00:29:36.574 --> 00:29:37.909 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
WHEN THEY BREAK DOWN A ROCK,
THEY RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE

00:29:37.909 --> 00:29:39.477 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:50%
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.

00:29:39.477 --> 00:29:44.482 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
WE ARE ALL WALKING AROUND
BEING CARBON OURSELVES.

00:29:48.987 --> 00:29:53.424 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WE CONSUME CARBON BASED STUFF
SO WE'RE A LIVING PART OF THIS

00:29:53.424 --> 00:29:54.959 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
CARBON CYCLE AS WELL.

00:29:54.959 --> 00:29:58.062 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
BUT AGAIN, SHARED
THROUGHOUT LAND,

00:29:58.062 --> 00:30:02.467 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THROUGHOUT THE ATMOSPHERE
AND ALSO, THROUGH THE OCEAN.

00:30:02.467 --> 00:30:06.971 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND WHEN WE INTRODUCE MORE
CARBON DIOXIDE INTO THE

00:30:06.971 --> 00:30:13.645 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
ATMOSPHERE, WE'LL TALK
ABOUT WARMING LATER ON.

00:30:13.645 --> 00:30:16.748 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ONE CONSEQUENCE OF INTRODUCING
MORE CARBON DIOXIDE INTO THE

00:30:16.748 --> 00:30:20.818 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
ATMOSPHERE IS WE'RE INTRODUCING
MORE CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE

00:30:20.818 --> 00:30:22.554 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
OCEAN AS WELL.

00:30:22.554 --> 00:30:24.822 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
IN SHORTHAND, THAT'S
CALLED CARBONIC ACID.

00:30:24.822 --> 00:30:29.894 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
SO IN THE WATER IN THE OCEAN.

00:30:29.894 --> 00:30:33.798 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
AND SO OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
IS THE RESULT OF INCREASING

00:30:33.798 --> 00:30:40.271 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE
IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT JUST A

00:30:40.271 --> 00:30:42.273 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
FEW DECADES AGO WERE LOCKED UP.

00:30:45.243 --> 00:30:49.247 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SO AGAIN, THE CONNECTEDNESS
EVEN IN THIS CYCLE AND IT'S

00:30:49.247 --> 00:30:49.914 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
COMPLEX.

00:30:49.914 --> 00:30:53.351 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WE COULD SPEND THREE HOURS
ON THE CARBON CYCLE ITSELF.

00:30:53.351 --> 00:30:56.287 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
BUT THERE IS A CONNECTEDNESS
TO ALL OF THIS,

00:30:56.287 --> 00:30:59.991 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BOTH IN THE NATURAL PARTS OF
THE SYSTEM AND THE HUMAN PARTS

00:30:59.991 --> 00:31:03.828 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:55%
OF THE SYSTEM AS WELL.

00:31:03.828 --> 00:31:08.733 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO WE'LL TALK A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT CHRONIC VARIABILITY AND I

00:31:08.733 --> 00:31:11.903 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THINK WE HAVE ONE MORE QUIZ AND
IT'S FOR THE EL NINO SOUTHERN

00:31:11.903 --> 00:31:13.738 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:58%
OSCILLATION PHENOMENON.

00:31:13.738 --> 00:31:16.574 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
I THINK IT'S THE THIRD
OF THE THREE POLLS.

00:31:16.574 --> 00:31:21.579 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND SO BRUCE, IF YOU COULD LOAD
THAT ONE UP, WE WILL TAKE THAT.

00:31:40.698 --> 00:31:45.703 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:45%
>> POLLS ARE OPEN.

00:31:53.878 --> 00:31:55.880 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
JUST A FEW MORE SECONDS.

00:32:12.764 --> 00:32:14.766 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
OKAY.

00:32:18.036 --> 00:32:21.205 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
>> ALL RIGHT, SO
YOU GUYS NAILED IT.

00:32:21.205 --> 00:32:23.841 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:40%
WE'RE GOING BACK
TO THE DIAGRAM.

00:32:23.841 --> 00:32:28.846 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
I DON'T KNOW IF YOU REMEMBER
THIS BUT WE TALKED ABOUT HOW

00:32:31.616 --> 00:32:36.020 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
OCEAN CURRENTS TRANSPORT HEAT
AND IN THE PROCESS OF THE

00:32:36.020 --> 00:32:37.822 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
TRANSPORTED HEAT,
IT'S ALL MIXED UP,

00:32:37.822 --> 00:32:38.790 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:58%
HAVING THIS BIG GEYSER.

00:32:38.790 --> 00:32:43.795 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND WE HAVE THIS EAST TO WEST
FLOW OF CURRENT AND WIND ON THE

00:32:47.165 --> 00:32:48.199 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
EQUATOR.

00:32:48.199 --> 00:32:50.702 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND THAT'S GOING THIS LAY
INTO WHAT WE CALL EL NINO.

00:32:50.702 --> 00:32:56.774 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND SO IGNORING THE BIG GEYERS,
AND JUST RECOGNIZING THESE ARE

00:32:56.774 --> 00:32:59.844 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE CLASSIC EASTERLY TRADE
WINDS THAT WE'VE WRITTEN ABOUT

00:32:59.844 --> 00:33:06.551 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
FOR CENTURIES IN TIME AND WHEN
THOSE WINDS EITHER RELAX --

00:33:06.551 --> 00:33:10.254 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WHAT THOSE WINDS TEND TO DO IS
PILE UP A LOT OF WARM WATER

00:33:10.254 --> 00:33:13.558 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
OVER HERE IN THE WESTERN
PART OF THE PACIFIC.

00:33:13.558 --> 00:33:16.994 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND WHEN THOSE WINDS RELAX
OR BECOME LESS STRONG,

00:33:16.994 --> 00:33:21.632 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
A LOT OF THAT WARM WATER WILL
SLOSH IT'S WAY BACK TO THE

00:33:21.632 --> 00:33:24.202 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
SUPER PART OF THE OCEAN.

00:33:24.202 --> 00:33:30.408 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND WHEN WE HAVE MORE COVERAGE
OF WARM WATER IN THE PACIFIC,

00:33:30.408 --> 00:33:32.977 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
WE CALL THAT EL NINO.

00:33:32.977 --> 00:33:35.947 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
AND LIKEWISE WHEN THE
WINDS ARE STRONGER,

00:33:35.947 --> 00:33:42.019 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT PUSHES IT WARM WATER INTO
THE WESTERN PACIFIC AND WE GET

00:33:42.019 --> 00:33:47.525 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
A LOT OF COLD WATER UPLOADING
IN THE MAIN PART OF THE EPIC

00:33:47.525 --> 00:33:48.760 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
PACIFIC.

00:33:48.760 --> 00:33:52.764 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WE CALL THIS EL NINO AND
IT'S CONNECTION BETWEEN THE

00:33:52.764 --> 00:33:56.401 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
ATMOSPHERIC CURRENTS AND THE
OCEAN CURRENTS AND THE PRESSURE

00:33:56.401 --> 00:34:00.605 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PATTERNS OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND
MAINTAIN THE SETUP IN WAYS THAT

00:34:00.605 --> 00:34:05.443 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WE WON'T GO INTO BUT JUST THE
PRESENCE OF THOSE BIG POLLS OF

00:34:05.443 --> 00:34:09.647 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WARM OR COOL WATER IN THE
PACIFIC AND BASICALLY DEFLECT

00:34:09.647 --> 00:34:13.518 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE PREFERRED PATTERN OF THE
JET STREAM AS FAR AWAY AS WHERE

00:34:13.518 --> 00:34:14.852 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
WE LIVE.

00:34:14.852 --> 00:34:19.023 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
AND SO EL NINO WILL HAVE
CERTAIN TYPES OF IMPACTS

00:34:19.023 --> 00:34:20.992 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:48%
DOWNSTREAM FROM IT.

00:34:20.992 --> 00:34:25.163 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND LA NINO WILL HAVE CERTAIN
PREFERRED IMPACT DOWNSTREAM.

00:34:25.163 --> 00:34:30.134 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND WHAT WE HAVE ON THIS
SLIDE ARE THE TEMPERATURE AND

00:34:30.134 --> 00:34:35.673 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PRECIPITATION PATTERNS WHERE
IT'S GENERALLY WARM IN THE EAST

00:34:35.673 --> 00:34:38.643 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
AND VERY WET IN THE
MIDWEST AND NORTHEAST,

00:34:38.643 --> 00:34:43.614 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND VERY DRY IN THE SOUTH
DURING THE WINTER OF '2000 --

00:34:43.614 --> 00:34:46.484 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:50%
DURING MUCH OF 2011.

00:34:46.484 --> 00:34:49.487 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND THAT'S A LOT WHAT WE WOULD
EXPECT WITH A TYPICAL LA NINO.

00:34:49.487 --> 00:34:51.722 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
THIS IS CALLED
CHRONIC VARIABILITY.

00:34:51.722 --> 00:34:55.760 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
WE'RE NOT EVEN TALKING ABOUT
GLOBAL WARMING OR CLIMATE

00:34:55.760 --> 00:34:56.727 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:28%
CHANGE YET.

00:34:56.727 --> 00:35:00.331 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BUT THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A
CONNECTEDNESS AGAIN WITHIN THE

00:35:00.331 --> 00:35:03.434 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
CLIMATE SYSTEM AND WE CALL THIS
A TELE-CONNECTION WHERE ONE

00:35:03.434 --> 00:35:07.371 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
PHENOMENON IN ONE PART OF THE
SYSTEM CAN CAUSE PREFERRED

00:35:07.371 --> 00:35:10.741 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
OUTCOME IN ANOTHER
AREA ON THE PLANET.

00:35:10.741 --> 00:35:14.078 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
AND WE SEE THIS NOT JUST
IN EL NINO AND LA NINO.

00:35:14.078 --> 00:35:17.748 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WE SEE THIS AS A PHENOMENON
WHICH CONTINUES TO REALLY

00:35:17.748 --> 00:35:23.788 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
DOMINATE FOR WEEKS AT A TIME
DURING WINTER AND WE SEE THESE

00:35:23.788 --> 00:35:26.924 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
THROUGH MANY OF THESE
CLIMATE VARIABILITIES.

00:35:26.924 --> 00:35:29.494 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THEY ALL HAVE A LOT OF
NAMES THAT ARE SUPER COMPLEX.

00:35:29.494 --> 00:35:33.097 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND I WOULD BE LYING IF I TOLD
YOU I UNDERSTOOD COMPLETELY ALL

00:35:33.097 --> 00:35:33.965 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
OF THEM.

00:35:33.965 --> 00:35:36.968 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
BUT THEY ALL HAVE TO DO WITH
RECOGNIZING PATTERNS IN ONE

00:35:36.968 --> 00:35:40.505 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PART OF THE CLIMATE SYSTEM THAT
NEEDS TO CERTAIN PREFERRED

00:35:40.505 --> 00:35:44.342 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
OUTCOMES IN OTHER PARTS
OF THE CLIMATE SYSTEM.

00:35:44.342 --> 00:35:48.746 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND AGAIN, AN EXAMPLE OF A
CONNECTEDNESS OF A SCALE AND A

00:35:48.746 --> 00:35:52.650 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
CONNECTEDNESS IN PLACE
THROUGHOUT THE CLIMATE SYSTEM.

00:35:52.650 --> 00:35:55.753 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
AGAIN, GOING BACK TO THAT
CONCEPT OF THE CLASSROOM,

00:35:55.753 --> 00:36:01.559 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
A DISRUPTION IN ONE PART OF THE
CLASSROOM CAN CAUSE SEEMINGLY

00:36:01.559 --> 00:36:05.396 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
DISCONNECTED RESULTS IN OTHER
PARTS OF THE CLASSROOM,

00:36:05.396 --> 00:36:08.933 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
PREVIOUS CONNECTIONS BECAUSE
IT IS A COMPLEX SYSTEM.

00:36:08.933 --> 00:36:12.403 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND OH, BY THE WAY, THE
PRESENCE OF EL NINO OR LA NINA

00:36:12.403 --> 00:36:15.306 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
CAN ALSO CAN ALSO INFLUENCE
THE REALLY BIG PICTURE.

00:36:15.306 --> 00:36:21.846 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO THIS IS THE GLOBAL AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE FROM 1950 TO 2012.

00:36:21.846 --> 00:36:26.984 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND EL NINO YEARS ARE COLORED
IN RED AND YEARS DOMINATED BY

00:36:26.984 --> 00:36:28.786 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
LA NINA COLORED IN BLUE.

00:36:28.786 --> 00:36:30.154 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THE EL NINO YEARS TEND TO
STAND OUT WARMER THAN THEIR

00:36:30.154 --> 00:36:30.821 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
NEIGHBORS.

00:36:30.821 --> 00:36:33.858 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THE LA NINA YEARS TEND TO
STAND OUT COOLER THAN THEIR

00:36:33.858 --> 00:36:34.525 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
NEIGHBORS.

00:36:34.525 --> 00:36:36.894 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
SO IN GENERAL, NOT
A HUNDRED PERCENT,

00:36:36.894 --> 00:36:39.163 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
LA NINA TENDS TO HAVE A COOLING
IMPACT ON THE BIG HUGE GLOBAL

00:36:39.163 --> 00:36:40.731 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
PICTURE AND LA NINA, AGAIN,
NOT A HUNDRED PERCENT,

00:36:40.731 --> 00:36:42.667 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
TENDS TO HAVE A WARMING
EFFECT ON THE BIG HUGE GLOBAL

00:36:42.667 --> 00:36:43.334 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
TEMPERATURE.

00:36:43.334 --> 00:36:48.339 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND SO IT DOES NOT JUST AFFECT
OUR SEASON WEATHER OUTCOME,

00:36:54.946 --> 00:36:57.648 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IT CAN AFFECT OUR BIG GLOBAL
TEMPERATURE OUTCOMES AS WELL.

00:36:57.648 --> 00:36:58.983 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO THERE IS A CONNECTEDNESS NOT
JUST IN PLACE BUT INSTEAD AS

00:36:58.983 --> 00:36:59.650 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
WELL.

00:36:59.650 --> 00:37:00.985 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO FINALLY, WE WILL TALK ABOUT
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND HOW

00:37:00.985 --> 00:37:02.353 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
MESSING WITH THE COMPOSITION
IN THE ATMOSPHERE,

00:37:02.353 --> 00:37:03.688 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
WHAT KIND OF
CONSEQUENCES IS THAT?

00:37:03.688 --> 00:37:05.022 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO AGAIN, THIS IS MOSTLY REVIEW
BUT THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

00:37:05.022 --> 00:37:06.357 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BASICALLY KEEPS OUR PLANET
SURFACE FROM BEING AROUND ZERO

00:37:06.357 --> 00:37:08.726 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
DEGREES FAHRENHEIT AND KEEPS IT
WARMER THAN IT QUOTE UNQUOTE

00:37:08.726 --> 00:37:11.228 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
"SHOULD BE "IF THE EARTH
DIDN'T HAVE AN ATMOSPHERE.

00:37:11.228 --> 00:37:12.363 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
AND HERE'S HOW IT WORKS.

00:37:12.363 --> 00:37:17.368 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO WITHOUT A GREENHOUSE EFFECT,
WE WOULD GET ENERGY FROM THE

00:37:21.973 --> 00:37:26.944 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SUN THAT WOULD COME, STRIKE THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH AND WARM

00:37:47.565 --> 00:37:53.337 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IT, AND THE EARTH WOULD WARM
AND REEMIT INFRA-RED ENERGY OUT

00:37:53.337 --> 00:37:56.974 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
INTO SPACE AND THERE WOULD BE
NOTHING TO STOP THAT FROM GOING

00:37:56.974 --> 00:37:58.943 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:40%
BACK INTO SPACE.

00:37:58.943 --> 00:38:02.680 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
AND WHAT GOES IN
WOULD ALSO GO OUT.

00:38:02.680 --> 00:38:05.416 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND THE EARTH'S AVERAGE SURFACE
TEMPERATURE WOULD END UP BEING

00:38:05.416 --> 00:38:09.186 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
SOMETHING LIKE MINUS
ONE DEGREE FAHRENHEIT.

00:38:09.186 --> 00:38:12.189 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
BUT WITH THE ATMOSPHERE THAT WE
HAVE THAT WE'VE ALL GROWN UP

00:38:12.189 --> 00:38:15.126 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WITH AND WE ALL KNOW AND LOVE,
WE'RE NOT EVEN TALKING ABOUT

00:38:15.126 --> 00:38:20.731 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
HUMAN CLIMATE CHANGE YET, THAT
SAME ENERGY PRETTY MUCH STILL

00:38:20.731 --> 00:38:24.669 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
COMES IN AS DIRECT LIGHT,
PHYSICAL LIGHT FROM THE SUN.

00:38:24.669 --> 00:38:28.139 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND IT'S STILL EMITTED BY THE
EARTH AS INFRA-RED ENERGY.

00:38:28.139 --> 00:38:32.376 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
BUT IN THE ATMOSPHERE,
SOME GREENHOUSE GASES,

00:38:32.376 --> 00:38:37.314 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
ONE OF WHICH IS CARBON DIOXIDE,
THEY TEND TO ABSORB THAT ENERGY

00:38:37.314 --> 00:38:42.586 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AS IT GOES OUT, GETS WARM AND
THEN RE-EMIT THAT ENERGY IN ALL

00:38:42.586 --> 00:38:45.356 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
DIRECTIONS, SOME
UP AND SOME DOWN.

00:38:45.356 --> 00:38:48.826 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND SO EVENTUALLY WHAT HAPPENS
IS SOME OF THOSE OUTBOUND

00:38:48.826 --> 00:38:54.832 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PACKETS OF WARMTH OR ENERGY ARE
ESSENTIALLY -- THEY ARE NOT

00:38:54.832 --> 00:38:58.469 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
EXACTLY REFLECTIVE BUT THE
NET RESULT IS SOME OF THAT IS

00:38:58.469 --> 00:39:00.838 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
REFLECTED BACK DOWN TO THE
SURFACE AND WARMS THIS UP A

00:39:00.838 --> 00:39:02.306 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
LITTLE MORE.

00:39:02.306 --> 00:39:05.743 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND THEN SOME OF THAT OUTGOING
ENERGY ON ITS SECOND TRIP OUT

00:39:05.743 --> 00:39:09.914 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IS ABSORBED AND RE-EMITTED AND
MAYBE MAKES A THIRD TRIP DOWN.

00:39:09.914 --> 00:39:14.385 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
SO WHAT ESSENTIALLY THE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT DOES IS

00:39:14.385 --> 00:39:16.287 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:50%
HEAT-TRAPPING GASES.

00:39:16.287 --> 00:39:21.358 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THEY CONTAIN MORE ENERGY
CLOSER TO THE SURFACE OF THE

00:39:21.358 --> 00:39:24.361 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
ATMOSPHERE AT THE EXPENSE
OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE.

00:39:24.361 --> 00:39:27.932 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
SO WHEN WE HAVE A STRONG
GREENHOUSE EFFECT,

00:39:27.932 --> 00:39:31.469 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WE HAVE A WARMER SURFACE AND
LOWER ATMOSPHERE AND WE TEND TO

00:39:31.469 --> 00:39:36.407 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
AT THE EXPENSE, RE-COOL THE
UPPER ATMOSPHERE BECAUSE WE

00:39:36.407 --> 00:39:40.678 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
CONTAIN MORE OF THAT OUTGOING
INFRA-RED ENERGY IN THE LOWER

00:39:40.678 --> 00:39:41.746 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:58%
PART OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

00:39:41.746 --> 00:39:47.885 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND WHEN WE TALK ABOUT CLIMATE
CHANGE AND GREENHOUSE EFFECT,

00:39:47.885 --> 00:39:51.689 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WE'RE ESSENTIALLY TALKING ABOUT
ADDING CERTAIN GREENHOUSE GASES

00:39:51.689 --> 00:39:56.327 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
THAT MAKE THAT
PROCESS MORE POTENT.

00:39:56.327 --> 00:40:00.197 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO THE STRONGER CONCENTRATIONS
OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN THE

00:40:00.197 --> 00:40:04.235 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
ATMOSPHERE, THE MORE WE TRAP
HEAT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE

00:40:04.235 --> 00:40:08.806 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
ATMOSPHERE AND REEMIT IT TO BE
OBSERVED AGAIN AND AGAIN BY THE

00:40:08.806 --> 00:40:10.474 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

00:40:10.474 --> 00:40:11.842 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
AND WE HAVE GREENHOUSE GASES.

00:40:11.842 --> 00:40:12.843 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:68%
ONE OF THEM IS WATER VAPOR.

00:40:12.843 --> 00:40:16.313 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ONE OF THEM IS CARBON DIOXIDE
AND METHANE IS BECOMING

00:40:16.313 --> 00:40:16.981 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
IMPORTANT.

00:40:16.981 --> 00:40:19.884 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THESE ARE ALL GREENHOUSE GASES
THAT CAUSE MORE AND MORE OF

00:40:19.884 --> 00:40:21.118 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
THAT ENERGY TO BE TRAPPED.

00:40:21.118 --> 00:40:26.524 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
AND WHY IS CARBON DIOXIDE
THE GREENHOUSE GAS?

00:40:26.524 --> 00:40:32.296 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
TO BE HONEST, IS LESS POTENT
THAN METHANE OR SOME OF THE

00:40:32.296 --> 00:40:34.298 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
EXOTIC GREENHOUSE GASES.

00:40:34.298 --> 00:40:37.768 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
BUT THE REASON CARBON DIOXIDE
IS THE GREENHOUSE GAS THAT

00:40:37.768 --> 00:40:40.905 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
EVERYONE TALKS ABOUT, IS
THAT THERE IS A LOT OF IT.

00:40:40.905 --> 00:40:43.274 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
SO THERE IS JUST MORE
OF IT IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

00:40:43.274 --> 00:40:46.076 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
THE CONCENTRATIONS ARE
HIGHER AND IT'S A VERY,

00:40:46.076 --> 00:40:48.679 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
VERY STABLE AS A
CHEMICAL COMPOUND.

00:40:48.679 --> 00:40:52.750 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
IT IS A VERY HAPPY GAS, A
VERY HAPPY CARBON DIOXIDE.

00:40:52.750 --> 00:40:55.019 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND SO IT DOESN'T BREAK DOWN
CHEMICALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

00:40:55.019 --> 00:40:59.690 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO, A POUND OF CARBON DIOXIDE
THAT GOES IN THE ATMOSPHERE,

00:40:59.690 --> 00:41:03.627 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
WE MAY SEE MOST OF THAT
REMAIN IN THE ATMOSPHERE FOR

00:41:03.627 --> 00:41:08.632 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
CENTURIES, RATHER THAN
DECADES OR YEARS OR DAYS.

00:41:08.632 --> 00:41:13.904 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
CARBON DIOXIDE IS A REALLY LONG
LIST AND THERE IS A LOT MORE OF

00:41:13.904 --> 00:41:14.572 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:08%
IT.

00:41:14.572 --> 00:41:17.975 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
AND THAT'S WHY IT'S THE
GREENHOUSE GAS EVEN WHEN

00:41:17.975 --> 00:41:22.913 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
COMPARED TO THE
MORE POTENT GASES.

00:41:22.913 --> 00:41:28.853 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
SO FINALLY, WHAT THIS HAS
DONE AND WHAT THIS DOES,

00:41:28.853 --> 00:41:31.188 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
IS IT WARMS THE
SURFACE OF THE PLANET,

00:41:31.188 --> 00:41:35.226 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE WITHIN
THE SURFACE WHERE WE LIVE.

00:41:35.226 --> 00:41:38.329 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
IT'S WARMER THAN IT WOULD
BE WITHOUT THESE INCREASED

00:41:38.329 --> 00:41:41.732 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
GREENHOUSE GASES THAT WE'VE
INTRODUCED OVER THE LAST YOU

00:41:41.732 --> 00:41:47.671 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
KNOW, MAINLY FIVE DECADES BUT A
LITTLE BIT BEFORE THEN AS WELL.

00:41:47.671 --> 00:41:48.739 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
ALL RIGHT.

00:41:48.739 --> 00:41:50.441 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
SO WHAT ARE THE
CONSEQUENCES OF THAT?

00:41:50.441 --> 00:41:54.511 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IT WOULD BE VERY EASY TO SHOW A
GRAPH OF TEMPERATURE AND SAY,

00:41:54.511 --> 00:41:56.380 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
OKAY, TEMPERATURE GOES UP.

00:41:56.380 --> 00:41:58.182 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
BUT IT'S NOT JUST
TEMPERATURE GOING UP.

00:41:58.182 --> 00:42:00.017 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:55%
IT'S A COMPLEX SYSTEM.

00:42:00.017 --> 00:42:02.953 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT'S NOT JUST A TEMPERATURE OF
THE ATMOSPHERE THAT GOES UP.

00:42:02.953 --> 00:42:04.889 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
AND IN FACT, THAT
IS A LITTLE CHAOTIC.

00:42:04.889 --> 00:42:06.457 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
AND TO BE HONEST, IN
THE LAST TEN YEARS,

00:42:06.457 --> 00:42:08.125 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
THAT HASN'T REALLY
GONE UP THAT MUCH.

00:42:08.125 --> 00:42:13.797 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
BUT WHAT WE ARE SEEING IS EVERY
YEAR LOSING MORE AND MORE

00:42:13.797 --> 00:42:14.598 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
GLACIER MASS.

00:42:14.598 --> 00:42:19.737 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
AND SO WE'RE SEEING
GLACIERS TOTALLY DECLINE.

00:42:19.737 --> 00:42:22.473 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
WE SEE OTHER CONSEQUENCES
LIKE SEA LEVEL RISE.

00:42:22.473 --> 00:42:28.379 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WE SEE OTHER CONSEQUENCES LIKE
THERMAL EXPANSION OF THE WATER,

00:42:28.379 --> 00:42:30.481 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
MORE HEAT BEING
INVESTED IN THE OCEAN.

00:42:30.481 --> 00:42:34.451 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SO AGAIN, GLOBAL WARMING IS
NOT JUST ABOUT THE GLOBAL

00:42:34.451 --> 00:42:37.521 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
TEMPERATURE ALTHOUGH THAT'S
A STRONG INDICATOR OF GLOBAL

00:42:37.521 --> 00:42:38.222 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
WARMING.

00:42:38.222 --> 00:42:41.625 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
IT'S ABOUT CONSEQUENCES AND
OTHER CONNECTED PARTS OF THE

00:42:41.625 --> 00:42:44.962 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:38%
SYSTEM AS WELL.

00:42:44.962 --> 00:42:47.564 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
SO, THIS IS A VERY
COMPLICATED DIAGRAM.

00:42:47.564 --> 00:42:52.102 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IT ESSENTIALLY TRIES TO SHOW
THAT WHEN YOU PUT ONE PART OF

00:42:52.102 --> 00:42:57.608 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE CLIMATE SYSTEM, THERE IS
CONNECTIONS TO THE OTHER PART.

00:42:57.608 --> 00:43:02.413 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND WE WILL GO OVER ONE KIND OF
PRINCIPLE OF AN EXAMPLE IN THE

00:43:02.413 --> 00:43:03.080 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:15%
ARTIC.

00:43:03.080 --> 00:43:08.686 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO THIS IS THE ARTIC QUESTION
WHERE WE ASKED WHAT'S THE

00:43:08.686 --> 00:43:11.188 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
INDICATORS OF
CHANGE IN THE ARTIC?

00:43:11.188 --> 00:43:13.924 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
AND SO WE WILL LOOK
AT DIFFERENT CHANGES.

00:43:13.924 --> 00:43:17.728 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND AGAIN, THERE IS ZOOMING IN
ON ONE PIECE OF THE WARMING

00:43:17.728 --> 00:43:20.664 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WORLD AND SEEING THE
CONNECTEDNESS BETWEEN THE THE

00:43:20.664 --> 00:43:22.333 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS
UP THERE IN THE ARTIC.

00:43:22.333 --> 00:43:23.667 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT WAS EXPECTED TO BE THE PAST
IS CHANGING PART OF THE PLANET

00:43:23.667 --> 00:43:27.571 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND IT HAS BEEN THE FASTEST
CHANGING PART OF THE PLANET.

00:43:27.571 --> 00:43:33.243 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO WE ALL HEARD ABOUT SEA ICE
MELTING BECAUSE THE ARTIC IS

00:43:33.243 --> 00:43:37.014 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
GETTING WARMER AND THE
PLANET IS GETTING WARMER.

00:43:37.014 --> 00:43:40.784 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
AND WE'VE ALL SEEN
PICTURES OF POLAR BEARS.

00:43:40.784 --> 00:43:45.789 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND SO WE ARE GOING TO LOOK IN
A MORE COMPLEX WAY TO SEE HOW

00:43:47.858 --> 00:43:52.563 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THE SEANS CHANGE AND THOSE
PIECES ARE CONNECTED AS THEY

00:43:52.563 --> 00:43:53.230 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:18%
CHANGE.

00:43:53.230 --> 00:43:57.568 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SO THIS IS A REAL CONNECTION
BETWEEN MANY PARTS.

00:43:57.568 --> 00:43:59.770 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
SO FIRST OF ALL, IT'S NOT
JUST SEA ICE UP THERE.

00:43:59.770 --> 00:44:01.338 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
THERE IS A LOT OF
SNOW ON THE GROUND.

00:44:01.338 --> 00:44:04.975 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
AND THE WARMER TEMPERATURES
ISN'T JUST MELTING SEA ICE.

00:44:04.975 --> 00:44:09.146 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WHAT THIS GRAPHIC SHOWS IS
THERE'S A LOT LESS SNOW LATELY

00:44:09.146 --> 00:44:09.813 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
UP THERE.

00:44:09.813 --> 00:44:14.251 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THE SNOW SEASON STARTS LATER
AND THE MELT SEASONS BEGINS

00:44:14.251 --> 00:44:19.423 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
EARLIER, AND SO AS WE GO INTO
THE SNOW SEASON AND COME OUT OF

00:44:19.423 --> 00:44:22.760 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE SNOW SEASON, YOU'RE SEEING
A MUCH SLOWER SNOW ON THE

00:44:22.760 --> 00:44:25.496 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
GROUND SEASON IN
MOST OF THE ARTIC.

00:44:25.496 --> 00:44:27.931 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
SO WHERE YOU SEE
THE GROUND SHADES,

00:44:27.931 --> 00:44:30.334 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
WE'RE SEEING LESS
SNOW ON THE GROUND.

00:44:30.334 --> 00:44:33.103 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND WE ARE SEEING LESS SNOW
DEPTH ON THE GROUND AND WE'RE

00:44:33.103 --> 00:44:35.372 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:63%
SEEING SNOW MELT EARLIER.

00:44:35.372 --> 00:44:36.707 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IT'S NOT REALLY CHANGING THINGS
MUCH IN THE DEPTHS OF WINTER.

00:44:36.707 --> 00:44:38.609 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ITS THE EARLY FALL SNOWS THAT
ARE NOT REALLY HAPPENING MUCH

00:44:38.609 --> 00:44:39.943 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
ANY MORE AND THE LATE
SPRING/FALL THAT'S COMING A

00:44:39.943 --> 00:44:40.611 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
LITTLE EARLIER THAN IT USED TO.

00:44:40.611 --> 00:44:41.278 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
BUT IT'S NOT JUST SEA ICE.

00:44:41.278 --> 00:44:42.646 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BUT GOING BACK TO THE SEA ICE,
WHAT WE TYPICALLY SEE IN A

00:44:42.646 --> 00:44:43.981 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
NORMAL YEAR ALONG
THESE PINK LINES,

00:44:43.981 --> 00:44:45.315 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THAT IS THE KIND OF THE LONG
TERM AVERAGE SEA ICE EXTENT AS

00:44:45.315 --> 00:44:50.320 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IT FINISHES ITS 6 MONTH GROWING
SEASON IN MARCH ON THE LEFT,

00:45:09.406 --> 00:45:13.444 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND AS IT FINISH ITS 6 MONTH
MELT SEASON IN SEPTEMBER EACH

00:45:13.444 --> 00:45:16.046 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:45%
YEAR ON THE RIGHT.

00:45:16.046 --> 00:45:18.982 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
AND SO THIS IS
SEPTEMBER OF 2013.

00:45:18.982 --> 00:45:23.087 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE WHITE IS THE ACTUAL
ABSORBED SEA ICE EXTENT THAT WE

00:45:23.087 --> 00:45:24.088 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:43%
SAW IN SEPTEMBER.

00:45:24.088 --> 00:45:27.758 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND THE PINK IS WHAT WE SAW ON
AVERAGE OF THE 30 YEARS BEFORE

00:45:27.758 --> 00:45:28.559 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
THAT.

00:45:28.559 --> 00:45:32.963 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND SO THE SNOW COVERING SEA
ICE EXTENT IN SEPTEMBER OF 13

00:45:32.963 --> 00:45:35.466 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
IS QUITE A BIT
SMALLER THAN AVERAGE.

00:45:35.466 --> 00:45:39.436 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND IF WE WERE TO LOOK AT THE
SEA ICE EXTENTS IN ALL OF THE

00:45:39.436 --> 00:45:44.041 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SEPTEMBERS GOING BACK TO LATE
1970'S, THIS IS WHAT WE'D SEE.

00:45:44.041 --> 00:45:48.745 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
THE ARTIC IS THE BLUE
AND IF IT WAS AVERAGE,

00:45:48.745 --> 00:45:51.381 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
WE WOULD PUT IT ON
HERE ON THE ZERO LINE.

00:45:51.381 --> 00:45:55.586 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
SO WHAT WE'VE SEEN IN THE
LAST TEN TO FIFTEEN YEARS,

00:45:55.586 --> 00:46:01.291 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
IN SEPTEMBER, A GREAT DEAL
SMALLER SEA ICE EXTENT.

00:46:01.291 --> 00:46:06.263 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IN FACT, IN 2012, WE HAD
ALMOST 30 MILLION -- I'M SORRY,

00:46:13.437 --> 00:46:16.974 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THREE MILLION SQUARE KILOMETERS
LESS SEA ICE THAN WE WOULD HAVE

00:46:16.974 --> 00:46:18.342 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:45%
IN A AVERAGE YEAR.

00:46:18.342 --> 00:46:21.478 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO WE'RE SEEING THE SEPTEMBERS,
THAT RETREAT IS GETTING

00:46:21.478 --> 00:46:24.615 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
GENERALLY SPEAKING NOT ONE
YEAR AFTER ANOTHER BUT GENERAL

00:46:24.615 --> 00:46:25.916 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:75%
SPEAKING, SMALLER AND SMALLER.

00:46:25.916 --> 00:46:31.522 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU HAVE
LESS SEA ICE IN THE ARTIC,

00:46:31.522 --> 00:46:33.624 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:48%
YOU GET MORE OPEN
WATER IN THE ARTIC.

00:46:33.624 --> 00:46:36.527 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
SO AT THE END OF THAT MELT
SEASON, YOU HAVE LESS ICE,

00:46:36.527 --> 00:46:41.231 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
YOU HAVE MORE OPEN WATER WHICH
MEANS MORE SUNLIGHT IS ABSORBED

00:46:41.231 --> 00:46:45.068 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
INTO THE OCEANS WHICH LEADS TO
MORE WARMING WHICH IS WHAT WE

00:46:45.068 --> 00:46:48.705 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
CALL POSITIVE FEEDBACK
AND VICIOUS CYCLE.

00:46:48.705 --> 00:46:51.808 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
SO THE FACT THAT
THE ICE GOES AWAY,

00:46:51.808 --> 00:46:54.778 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE WATER CAN ABSORB MORE
HEAT, THAT TENDS TO ADD TO THE

00:46:54.778 --> 00:46:59.183 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WARMING OF THE REGION AND IT
ALSO PENETRATES THE OCEAN AND A

00:46:59.183 --> 00:47:02.920 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
LOT OF PLANT LIFE THAT WOULD
NOT LIVE THERE BEFORE.

00:47:02.920 --> 00:47:06.056 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
WHEN THAT ICE GOES AWAY
AND THERE IS SUNLIGHT,

00:47:06.056 --> 00:47:10.260 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
WE SEE A LOT MORE PLANT LIFE
IN THAT PART OF THE OCEAN.

00:47:10.260 --> 00:47:12.095 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
SO THE ECCO SYSTEM IS CHANGING.

00:47:12.095 --> 00:47:18.268 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THE ECCO SYSTEM, THE BIOMASS
IN THE OCEAN IN THE ARTIC IS

00:47:18.268 --> 00:47:20.137 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:43%
CHANGING AS WELL.

00:47:20.137 --> 00:47:24.241 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
AND MORE OPEN WATER ALSO
LEADS TO MORE WAVE ACTION.

00:47:24.241 --> 00:47:28.245 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO A LOT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
WHICH IS MAINLY LIKE BIG BOILER

00:47:28.245 --> 00:47:31.248 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
RIGS IN THE ARTIC
IN THE NORTH SEA,

00:47:31.248 --> 00:47:34.184 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
AS SEA ICE GETS FURTHER AND
FURTHER AWAY FROM THOSE,

00:47:34.184 --> 00:47:37.821 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THEY ACTUALLY HAVE TO ENDURE
MORE OF A POUNDING BY WAVES.

00:47:37.821 --> 00:47:41.558 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SO ONE OF THE BIG MYTHS OUT
THERE IS THAT AS THE ARTIC

00:47:41.558 --> 00:47:46.597 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
OPENS UP FOR EXPLORATION, THAT
IT'S GOING TO BE EASIER AND

00:47:46.597 --> 00:47:50.067 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
EASIER TO BUILD -- IT'S
ACTUALLY PROBABLY IN MANY

00:47:50.067 --> 00:47:53.370 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SITUATIONS NOT THE CASE BECAUSE
THEY HAVE TO ENGINEER THEIR

00:47:53.370 --> 00:47:57.174 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
RIGS, NOW TO TAKE MUCH MUCH
MORE OF A POUNDING FROM WAVE

00:47:57.174 --> 00:48:01.511 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ACTION THAT HAS BEEN BUILDING
UP OVER MILES RATHER THAN JUST

00:48:01.511 --> 00:48:03.647 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:63%
NEAR THE EDGE OF THE ICE.

00:48:03.647 --> 00:48:06.783 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
WHEN YOU EXPOSE A LOT
MORE WATER LIKE THAT,

00:48:06.783 --> 00:48:10.587 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT TENDS TO BE WARMER THAN IF
THERE IS ICE SITTING ON TOP OF

00:48:10.587 --> 00:48:12.055 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:45%
THE WATER AS WELL.

00:48:12.055 --> 00:48:14.491 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
AND SO IT IS NO
COINCIDENCE THAT CP,

00:48:14.491 --> 00:48:18.528 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
THE CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER
BASICALLY HAS PREDICTED WARMER

00:48:18.528 --> 00:48:21.965 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THAN NORMAL TEMPERATURES FROM
THE COASTAL ARTIC COAST OF

00:48:21.965 --> 00:48:27.237 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
ALASKA FOR AS LONG AS I CAN
REMEMBER BECAUSE NORMAL USED TO

00:48:27.237 --> 00:48:30.574 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
MEAN SEA ICE WOULD BE
VERY NEAR THE COAST.

00:48:30.574 --> 00:48:33.944 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IF SEA ICE IS FURTHER AWAY FROM
THE COAST AND WE HAVE MUCH MORE

00:48:33.944 --> 00:48:37.180 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
OPEN WATER EVAPORATING INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE AT LEAST HEATING THE

00:48:37.180 --> 00:48:39.549 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ATMOSPHERE, WE ARE SEEING
WARMER AND WARMER TEMPERATURES

00:48:39.549 --> 00:48:42.819 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
CONSISTENTLY, ESPECIALLY IN
THE WARM SEASON FROM ALASKA.

00:48:42.819 --> 00:48:44.154 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
AND THAT LEADS TO
PERMAFROST METHOD.

00:48:44.154 --> 00:48:45.489 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:58%
AND THE WARMING AND
MELTING OF FROZEN SOIL.

00:48:45.489 --> 00:48:46.823 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND THAT CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS
WITH THINGS THAT WE BUILD LIKE

00:48:46.823 --> 00:48:48.158 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
PIPELINES, AND HOUSES THAT
WERE USED TO BEING SET UPON

00:48:48.158 --> 00:48:49.493 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
PERMAFROST THAT ARE NOW SET
UPON MUSHY SOILS AND IT COSTS A

00:48:49.493 --> 00:48:50.160 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:58%
LOT TO KEEP DOING THAT.

00:48:50.160 --> 00:48:55.165 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
IT COSTS A LOT TO
REPLICATE THAT.

00:49:12.449 --> 00:49:16.486 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND WHEN WE LOSE THAT KIND OF
PERMAFROST AND HAVE THOSE WARM

00:49:16.486 --> 00:49:21.091 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SOILS, WHAT THAT ALSO LEADS TO
IN THE CLIMATE SYSTEM IS THE

00:49:21.091 --> 00:49:26.096 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SHRUBIFICATION -- A TECHNICAL
TERM FOR IT -- OF THE ARTIC.

00:49:26.096 --> 00:49:29.266 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
AND SO WHERE WE USED
TO HAVE IN PLACES,

00:49:29.266 --> 00:49:32.836 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SMALL PLANTS LIKE LICHENS,
MOSSES AND SEDGES WHICH ARE

00:49:32.836 --> 00:49:36.139 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
REALLY DELICATE LITTLE GRASSES,
THEY ARE BEING REPLACED BY

00:49:36.139 --> 00:49:37.341 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:38%
LARGER GRASSES.

00:49:37.341 --> 00:49:40.777 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THEY ARE BEING REPLACED BY
THINGS THAT LOOK LIKE SHRUBS.

00:49:40.777 --> 00:49:46.116 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND SO THE MIGRATION OF PLANT
SPECIES ACROSS THIS FORMERLY

00:49:46.116 --> 00:49:49.353 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
FROZEN TUNDRA IS
REMARKABLE IN THE ARTIC.

00:49:49.353 --> 00:49:51.722 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:40%
AND WE SEE MUCH
MORE PLANT LIFE,

00:49:51.722 --> 00:49:55.726 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
MUCH MORE BIOMASS THERE AND
THAT TENDS TO DARKEN THE SOIL

00:49:55.726 --> 00:50:02.699 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND ABSORB -- DARKEN THE PLANTS
AND THAT TENDS TO AGAIN AMPLIFY

00:50:02.699 --> 00:50:05.335 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
AGAIN, AMPLIFY THE
WARMING EFFECT.

00:50:05.335 --> 00:50:09.339 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO THERE IS ALMOST AN ARMS RACE
OF PLANTS INTO THESE PREVIOUSLY

00:50:09.339 --> 00:50:12.709 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
FROZEN AREAS THAT LOOKS LIKE
SOME REALLY RAPID CHANGES IN

00:50:12.709 --> 00:50:13.577 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:40%
THE ECCO SYSTEM.

00:50:13.577 --> 00:50:16.680 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND WHEN YOU HAVE REALLY RAPID
CHANGES IN THE ECCO SYSTEM,

00:50:16.680 --> 00:50:18.148 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:70%
YOU HAVE WINNERS AND LOSERS.

00:50:18.148 --> 00:50:24.588 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SO SOME SPECIES ARE GOING TO BE
GREAT GREAT OR BETTER OR WORSE.

00:50:24.588 --> 00:50:27.958 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND AGAIN, JUST TO SUM THAT UP,
THAT WAS JUST A REALLY FAST

00:50:27.958 --> 00:50:31.695 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
RUN-THROUGH OF HOW A CHANGE IN
THE CRYOSPHERE WHICH IS THE

00:50:31.695 --> 00:50:35.465 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AMOUNT OF FROZEN STUFF UP
THERE, SEA ICE IN PARTICULAR,

00:50:35.465 --> 00:50:39.636 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IN FACT, CHANGES IN THE OCEAN
AND CHANGES IN THE BIOSPHERE

00:50:39.636 --> 00:50:44.441 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
WHICH RELATE TO WARMING OF
THOSE COASTAL TEMPERATURES

00:50:44.441 --> 00:50:49.179 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WHICH AFFECT THE TERRESTRIAL
SYSTEMS AND THEN THAT AFFECTS

00:50:49.179 --> 00:50:51.715 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
OUR INFRASTRUCTURE
UP THERE AS WELL.

00:50:51.715 --> 00:50:55.852 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
SO THERE IS JUST A CRUCIBLE
PRINCIPLE OF CHANGE THAT

00:50:55.852 --> 00:50:59.389 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
EXEMPLIFIES THE CONNECTEDNESS
BETWEEN THESE DIFFERENT SPECIES

00:50:59.389 --> 00:51:04.494 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND
OUR VERY OWN HUMAN SYSTEM UP

00:51:04.494 --> 00:51:06.062 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
THERE AS WELL.

00:51:06.062 --> 00:51:09.900 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO, WE'RE NOT JUST HELPING
DRIVE THE CHANGE IN THIS LONG

00:51:09.900 --> 00:51:10.634 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
CIRCULAR WAY.

00:51:10.634 --> 00:51:14.805 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WE'RE ALSO KIND OF VICTIMS OF
THAT CHANGE AS WELL BECAUSE IT

00:51:14.805 --> 00:51:17.541 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
BECOMES MORE AND MORE COSTLY TO
DO THINGS THE WAY THAT WE'RE

00:51:17.541 --> 00:51:20.710 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
USED TO DO THINGS UP THERE
BEFORE WE STARTED FORCING THOSE

00:51:20.710 --> 00:51:21.378 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
CHANGES.

00:51:21.378 --> 00:51:24.915 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND I DON'T THINK I HAVE TIME
TO TALK ABOUT CLIMATE AND

00:51:24.915 --> 00:51:28.752 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
EXTREME WEATHER HAIR SO I
THINK I WILL STOP HERE BRUCE,

00:51:28.752 --> 00:51:34.591 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
IF YOU DON'T MIND AND I'LL HANG
AROUND AS LONG AS YOU WANT ME

00:51:34.591 --> 00:51:35.759 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:08%
TO.

00:51:35.759 --> 00:51:36.593 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
>> THANKS.

00:51:36.593 --> 00:51:43.433 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
I APPRECIATE YOUR PRESENTATION
THIS EVENING PULLING TOGETHER

00:51:43.433 --> 00:51:47.637 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ALL OF THOSE DIFFERENT PIECES
AND SHOWING HOW THEY ARE

00:51:47.637 --> 00:51:49.172 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:38%
INTERCONNECTED.

00:51:49.172 --> 00:51:53.109 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
I HAVE OF FEW QUESTIONS THAT
HAVE COME IN AND IN THE

00:51:53.109 --> 00:51:58.248 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
MEANTIME, IF FOLKS HAVE
OTHER QUESTIONS FOR DEKE,

00:51:58.248 --> 00:52:01.418 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
PLEASE WRITE IN THE QUESTION
SECTION ON YOUR CONTROL PANEL

00:52:01.418 --> 00:52:03.119 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
ON THE RIGHT-HAND
SIDE OF YOUR SCREEN.

00:52:03.119 --> 00:52:07.390 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
IF WE DON'T HAVE TIME
TO ANSWER THEM NOW,

00:52:07.390 --> 00:52:11.094 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THEN WE WILL MAKE SURE THAT
DEKE GETS THEM AND WILL INCLUDE

00:52:11.094 --> 00:52:15.332 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
THEM IN THE NOTES OF THIS
MEETING ON THE WIKI FOR

00:52:15.332 --> 00:52:15.999 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
EVERYONE.

00:52:15.999 --> 00:52:17.334 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND JUST SO EVERYONE KNOWS,
THIS PRESENTATION WITH NOTES AS

00:52:17.334 --> 00:52:18.668 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WELL AS MY INTRODUCTORY SLIDE
WITH LINKS WILL BE POSTED ON

00:52:18.668 --> 00:52:19.503 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:75%
THE WIKI FIRST THING TOMORROW.

00:52:19.503 --> 00:52:24.508 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO DEKE, ONE QUESTION THAT
CAROL HAS IS: WILL WE EVER BE

00:52:29.446 --> 00:52:36.186 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
ABLE TO REVERSE THIS PROCESS?

00:52:36.186 --> 00:52:41.191 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IN PARTICULAR, SHE WAS
REFERRING TO THE MELTING ICE IN

00:52:48.131 --> 00:52:50.934 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
THE ARTIC, I BELIEVE?

00:52:50.934 --> 00:52:55.739 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
>> YEAH WE VERY LIKELY WOULDN'T
BE ABLE TO PUT IT ALL THE WAY

00:52:55.739 --> 00:52:57.908 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
BACK WHERE IT WAS
IN OUR LIFE TIME.

00:52:57.908 --> 00:53:03.113 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WE COMMITTED TO LARGE AMOUNT OF
CHANGE IN THAT LAST A LONG TIME

00:53:03.113 --> 00:53:08.952 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
BUT WE ARE STILL VERY VERY MUCH
IN CONTROL OF HOW MUCH MORE

00:53:08.952 --> 00:53:10.854 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:63%
THOSE CHANGES WILL OCCUR.

00:53:10.854 --> 00:53:15.859 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BASICALLY THE VAST MAJORITY OF
THESE CHANGES ARE CAUSED BY

00:53:18.328 --> 00:53:22.365 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
INCREASING GREENHOUSE GASES,
IN PARTICULAR, CARBON DIOXIDE.

00:53:22.365 --> 00:53:24.968 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO THE REASON THAT THERE IS A
GREAT BIG DEAL OF DISCUSSION

00:53:24.968 --> 00:53:31.374 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AROUND CARBON DIOXIDE AND HOW
WE EITHER REGULATE OR TAX A

00:53:31.374 --> 00:53:33.476 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BUNCH OF POLICY OPTIONS OUT
THERE THAT I REALLY SHOULD NOT

00:53:33.476 --> 00:53:34.811 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SPEAK TO, THAT THE REASON THAT
THOSE POLICY OPTIONS ARE OUT

00:53:34.811 --> 00:53:39.816 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THERE IS BECAUSE OUR BEHAVIOR
OVER THE NEXT ARE FEW DECADES

00:53:41.952 --> 00:53:46.890 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WILL HAVE PRONOUNCED
CONSEQUENCES OVER THE NEXT FEW

00:53:46.890 --> 00:53:47.557 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
CENTURIES.

00:53:47.557 --> 00:53:51.127 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IT IS NOT NECESSARILY ABOUT
PUTTING HUMPTY DUMPTY BACK

00:53:51.127 --> 00:53:51.795 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
TOGETHER.

00:53:51.795 --> 00:53:56.232 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
IT'S ABOUT STOPPING THE
CONTINUED DISINIGRATION OF

00:53:56.232 --> 00:53:57.500 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
HUMPTY DUMPTY.

00:53:57.500 --> 00:54:00.537 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO WHILE IT SOUNDS A LITTLE
BLEAK TO SAY WE ARE NOT GOING

00:54:00.537 --> 00:54:02.439 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:45%
TO PUT THIS PLANT
BACK WHERE IT WAS,

00:54:02.439 --> 00:54:07.444 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WE CAN STILL -- WE STILL VERY
MUCH CONTROL HOW MUCH MORE

00:54:10.513 --> 00:54:16.419 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
ACCELERATED CHANGE OR LESS
ACCELERATED THIS CHANGE IS.

00:54:16.419 --> 00:54:18.521 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
AND THE SLOWER THE
CHANGE AND EVENTUALLY,

00:54:18.521 --> 00:54:21.424 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
IF WE PUSH IT BACK IN
THE OTHER DIRECTION,

00:54:23.660 --> 00:54:27.864 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THE SLOWER THE CHANGE, THE LESS
EXPENSIVE IT WILL BE FOR US AND

00:54:27.864 --> 00:54:31.534 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
ALL SPECIES TO KEEP UP
WITH THE RATE OF CHANGE.

00:54:31.534 --> 00:54:36.773 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SLOWING THE RATE OF CHANGE WILL
GIVE US A MUCH BETTER CHANGE TO

00:54:36.773 --> 00:54:42.579 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
MANAGE OUR RATE AND NOT SPEND
SO MUCH OF OUR TREASURE AND

00:54:42.579 --> 00:54:46.916 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
TIME AND RESOURCES AND TALENT
TRYING TO JUST CATCH UP WITH

00:54:46.916 --> 00:54:48.918 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
THE CHANGING CLIMATE.

00:54:54.157 --> 00:54:58.762 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
>> I HAVE AN INTEREST QUESTION
FROM JANET WHICH IS: HAS IT

00:54:58.762 --> 00:55:04.234 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
EVEN DOCUMENTED THE INCREASE IN
CRYOSPHERE PRODUCTIVITY DUE TO

00:55:04.234 --> 00:55:08.071 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
INCREASED BIOMASS IN THE ARTIC?

00:55:08.071 --> 00:55:11.975 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND SHE COMMENTS THAT SOME SEE
THAT THAT AS PLUSES TO WARMING

00:55:11.975 --> 00:55:15.612 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
EVEN THOUGH IT IS A HUGE
CHANGE IN THE OVERALL SYSTEMS.

00:55:15.612 --> 00:55:19.716 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
>> YEAH SO I THINK AND I'M
AN OLD METEOROLOGIST SO THIS

00:55:19.716 --> 00:55:21.785 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
SCIENTIST STUFF IS NEW TO ME.

00:55:21.785 --> 00:55:27.957 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
BUT IN THAT CRYOSPHERE REPORT,
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IS

00:55:27.957 --> 00:55:30.493 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
RELATED BASICALLY TO PLANT
ACTION IN THE ARTIC.

00:55:30.493 --> 00:55:36.766 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND IT IS QUANTIFIED, I DON'T
KNOW WHAT THE NUMBERS ARE BUT

00:55:36.766 --> 00:55:40.970 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
IT'S ACTUALLY QUANTIFIED IN
THAT STATEMENT THE FINAL

00:55:40.970 --> 00:55:41.671 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:18%
REPORT.

00:55:41.671 --> 00:55:46.810 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
IF YOU GO TO ARTIC CHAPTER
WHICH IS CHAPTER FIVE,

00:55:46.810 --> 00:55:51.815 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THERE IS A SECTION CALLED OCEAN
AND THEY DO SOME NONES AS WELL.

00:55:53.917 --> 00:55:57.554 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
I DON'T KNOW, I WON'T PRETEND
TO KNOW WHAT THE EFFECT OF THAT

00:55:57.554 --> 00:56:01.491 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:40%
IS DOWNSTREAM ON
LIVING SYSTEMS.

00:56:01.491 --> 00:56:06.696 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
I JUST DON'T KNOW ENOUGH ABOUT
HOW THAT WOULD AFFECT THE ECCO

00:56:06.696 --> 00:56:10.900 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SYSTEM AND LIVING SYSTEMS
DOWNSTREAM FROM IT SO I WILL

00:56:10.900 --> 00:56:13.036 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:55%
PUNT ON THAT QUESTION.

00:56:13.036 --> 00:56:16.339 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
BUT I DO KNOW THAT TH
EDITORS OF CHAPTER FIVE,

00:56:16.339 --> 00:56:23.012 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
MARK AND JEFFREY AND JACKIE
WOULD PROBABLY BE ABLE TO POINT

00:56:23.012 --> 00:56:27.117 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:68%
YOU IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION.

00:56:27.117 --> 00:56:30.587 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
>> YES, WE WILL BE SURE TO SEND
YOU THAT QUESTION SO YOU CAN

00:56:30.587 --> 00:56:35.492 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:53%
ELABORATE IN WRITING
FOR OUR PARTICIPANTS.

00:56:35.492 --> 00:56:40.663 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
I HAD ACTUALLY AN INTERESTING
QUESTION COME IN FROM ELIZABETH

00:56:40.663 --> 00:56:44.434 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WHICH IS: HOW WOULD YOU EXPLAIN
THE CHANGE IN INFLUENCE ON

00:56:44.434 --> 00:56:48.972 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
ARTIC PERMAFROST OCEAN
TO THIRD GRADE STUDENTS?

00:56:52.909 --> 00:56:54.377 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
>> YEAH, THAT IS A CHALLENGE.

00:56:54.377 --> 00:56:56.746 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:70%
I HAVE A 5TH GRADER AT HOME.

00:56:56.746 --> 00:57:03.153 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
LET ME SEE IF I CAN
THINK OUT LOUD HERE.

00:57:03.153 --> 00:57:06.923 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
I THINK THAT NOTING THAT IF
YOU GO OUT AND YOU LOOK AT ANY

00:57:06.923 --> 00:57:10.026 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
PIECE OF YOUR YARD, YOU SEE
THAT THERE ARE THINGS THAT

00:57:10.026 --> 00:57:15.031 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
DEPEND ON EACH OTHER AND IF WE
WERE TO ELIMINATE ALL OF THE

00:57:18.368 --> 00:57:22.372 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WILD FLOWERS FROM OUR YARD, THE
BUTTERFLIES AND THE BEES WOULD

00:57:22.372 --> 00:57:25.408 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
HAVE NOT BE IMMEDIATELY
DESTROYED BUT THEY WOULD REALLY

00:57:25.408 --> 00:57:30.046 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
HAVE THE TO CHANGE THE WAY
THAT THEY DEAL WITH THINGS.

00:57:30.046 --> 00:57:34.317 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND SO THE LOSS OF PERMAFROST
AND THE CONNECTION TO THE OCEAN

00:57:34.317 --> 00:57:35.785 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
IS KIND OF LIKE THAT.

00:57:35.785 --> 00:57:41.124 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AS YOU CHANGE ONE PIECE OF A
SYSTEM YOU REALLY STRONGLY

00:57:41.124 --> 00:57:44.160 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
INFLUENCE OTHER PIECES
THAT ARE CONNECTED TO IT.

00:57:44.160 --> 00:57:50.633 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
WE ALL HAVE DISTANT RELATIVES
THAT PLAY AN INFLUENCE IN A

00:57:50.633 --> 00:57:54.904 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
PART IN OUR LIVES BUT THEY
DON'T NECESSARILY TOUCH US

00:57:54.904 --> 00:57:55.572 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:25%
EVERY DAY.

00:57:55.572 --> 00:57:59.108 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
SO WE ALL HAVE MAYBE A
GRANDFATHER OR A GRANDMOTHER

00:57:59.108 --> 00:58:01.945 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THAT WE DON'T SEE EVERY DAY BUT
THEIR PRESENCE IS PART OF OUR

00:58:01.945 --> 00:58:05.181 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
LIVES AND THE DECISIONS THEY
MAKE AND THE WAY THEY LOVE US

00:58:05.181 --> 00:58:10.086 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND TREAT US TENDS TO INFORM
THE WAY THAT OUR LIVES PLAY

00:58:10.086 --> 00:58:10.854 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:10%
OUT.

00:58:10.854 --> 00:58:13.423 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO THEY DON'T HAVE TO TOUCH
US EVERY DAY TO HAVE A STRONG

00:58:13.423 --> 00:58:16.993 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
INFLUENCE ON WHAT WE BECOME
AND MANY OF THESE SEEMINGLY

00:58:16.993 --> 00:58:20.730 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
DISCONNECTED PIECES OF THE
CLIMATE SYSTEM ARE KIND OF LIKE

00:58:20.730 --> 00:58:21.397 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
THAT.

00:58:21.397 --> 00:58:28.304 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
IT'S A PARENT OR A GRANDFATHER
IMPACT THEIR PRESENCE EVEN IF

00:58:28.304 --> 00:58:29.772 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
IT IS DISTANT.

00:58:29.772 --> 00:58:34.744 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
THEY DO STILL EXERT SOME
INFLUENCE OVER US SO THAT THE

00:58:34.744 --> 00:58:37.480 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF CLIMATE
SYSTEM TEND TO BE RELATED IN

00:58:37.480 --> 00:58:38.147 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:43%
THAT KIND OF WAY.

00:58:38.147 --> 00:58:39.482 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
>> I HAVE TWO FINAL QUESTIONS
AND BECAUSE OF THE HOUR,

00:58:39.482 --> 00:58:40.817 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
I HAVE TWO FINAL ANNOUNCEMENTS
AFTERWARDS AND THEN I THINK

00:58:40.817 --> 00:58:41.484 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:43%
WE'LL WRAP IT UP.

00:58:41.484 --> 00:58:46.489 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
BUT THE TWO QUESTIONS THAT I
HAVE FOR YOU DEKE ARE ONES FROM

00:58:50.593 --> 00:58:55.598 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
VICKI AND SHE'S REFERRING BACK
TO THE GRAPH THAT YOU SHOWED

00:59:00.470 --> 00:59:06.109 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
ABOUT EL NINO AND LA NINA.

00:59:06.109 --> 00:59:09.545 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND THE QUESTION IS: ARE THOSE
THOUGHT TO BE AMPLIFIED BY

00:59:09.545 --> 00:59:12.215 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
GLOBAL WARMING COMPARED
TO LOOKING AT THE 1950'S?

00:59:12.215 --> 00:59:17.787 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THE SECOND QUESTION WHICH
I MAY NOT HAVE TIME FOR THIS

00:59:17.787 --> 00:59:23.626 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
EVENING, BUT SEVERAL ATTENDEES
HAVE ASKED THIS WHICH IS,

00:59:23.626 --> 00:59:29.732 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WHY IS IT EXACTLY THAT THE
AIR SINKS AROUND 30-DEGREES

00:59:29.732 --> 00:59:30.400 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:23%
LATITUDE?

00:59:30.400 --> 00:59:35.405 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
>> YEAH, SO, I THINK WE
CAN ANSWER BOTH OF THOSE.

00:59:37.407 --> 00:59:43.346 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
HOW THE EL NINO AND LA NINA
PATTERNS INFLUENCE THE

00:59:43.346 --> 00:59:47.417 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
LONG-TERM WARMING OF THE
PLANET AND VICE VERSA,

00:59:47.417 --> 00:59:51.054 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
HOW DONG LONG-TERM INFLUENCE LA
NINA INFLUENCE AND THAT IS A

00:59:51.054 --> 00:59:56.793 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:73%
VERY ACTIVE AREA OF RESEARCH?

00:59:56.793 --> 01:00:01.898 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND EL NINO AND LA NINA ARE
RELATED TO ANOTHER PHENOMENON

01:00:01.898 --> 01:00:07.103 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THAT WE TALKED ABOUT THAT'S
BETWEEN THE DECADES TO

01:00:07.103 --> 01:00:11.140 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
CENTURIES OF LONG-TERM WARMING,
AND THE KIND OF YEAR TO YEAR

01:00:11.140 --> 01:00:14.544 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
SCALE LA NINA AS A
SPECIFIC DECADE SHIFT,

01:00:14.544 --> 01:00:18.915 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:63%
WHICH IS A HORRIBLE TERM.

01:00:18.915 --> 01:00:23.686 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WHAT IT IS THAT AS A PHENOMENON
IN THE PACIFIC WHICH KIND OF

01:00:23.686 --> 01:00:27.457 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
EBBS AND FLOWS OVER THE COURSE
OF A COUPLE OF DECADES.

01:00:27.457 --> 01:00:32.462 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND SO EL NINO AND LA NINA TEND
TO HAVE KIND OF PREFERRED MODES

01:00:34.964 --> 01:00:39.836 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THAT ARE HIGHLY KIND OF RELATED
TO THE PACIFIC OSCILLATION.

01:00:39.836 --> 01:00:44.807 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:65%
IF THE PDO SETS UP IN ONE
PHASE OVER 50 TO 20 YEARS,

01:00:47.243 --> 01:00:52.615 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WE WOULD TEND TO SEE MORE LA
NINAS OR STRONGER LA NINAS AND

01:00:52.615 --> 01:00:56.886 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
FEWER EL NINO OR WEAKER EL
NINOS OVER THE COURSE OF THAT

01:00:56.886 --> 01:00:57.553 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:18%
PERIOD.

01:00:57.553 --> 01:01:03.726 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND WHEN IT STAYS, WE KIND OF
PREFERENCE FOR THE STRENGTH AND

01:01:03.726 --> 01:01:09.265 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
FREQUENCY OF MAGNITUDE OF EL
NINO AND LA NINA ALSO CHANGES.

01:01:09.265 --> 01:01:13.202 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO TO KIND -- ONE OF THE
QUESTIONS IS NOT JUST HOW DOES

01:01:13.202 --> 01:01:18.741 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
LONG-TERM CHANGE AFFECT EL NINO
BUT HOW MAY IT AFFECT THIS

01:01:18.741 --> 01:01:20.410 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
INTERMEDIARY?

01:01:20.410 --> 01:01:25.848 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
AND IT'S JUST THIS REALLY TOUGH
KIND OF NESTED SCALE PROBLEM.

01:01:25.848 --> 01:01:30.520 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THAT WAS ME TRYING TO USE A LOT
OF BIG WORDS TO BASICALLY SAY,

01:01:30.520 --> 01:01:31.320 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:33%
I DON'T KNOW.

01:01:31.320 --> 01:01:35.425 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
AND I THINK I'M SAYING I DON'T
KNOW ON BEHALF OF MOST OF THE

01:01:35.425 --> 01:01:36.159 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
RESEARCHERS.

01:01:36.159 --> 01:01:38.428 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
THAT IS A REALLY GOOD QUESTION.

01:01:38.428 --> 01:01:39.996 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:40%
AND WHEN GET THE
ANSWER TO THAT,

01:01:39.996 --> 01:01:44.367 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WE CAN REALLY TAKE SOME
ACTIONABLE STEPS TO PREPARE

01:01:44.367 --> 01:01:46.569 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
OURSELVES WHEN WE KNOW
THE ANSWER TO THAT.

01:01:46.569 --> 01:01:49.539 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
SO IT IS AN IMPORTANT AREA OF
RESEARCH AND THE RESEARCH GUYS

01:01:49.539 --> 01:01:52.041 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
ARE ALL REAL SMART AND THEY ARE
WORKING ON THAT THAT AS WELL

01:01:52.041 --> 01:01:54.143 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:58%
AND THE LADIES ON THAT.

01:01:54.143 --> 01:01:57.246 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:50%
AS FAR AS THE
30-DEGREES LATITUDE,

01:01:57.246 --> 01:02:00.850 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WHAT DETERMINES THAT IS
ACTUALLY THE RATE AT WHICH THE

01:02:00.850 --> 01:02:01.617 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
EARTH SPINS.

01:02:01.617 --> 01:02:07.490 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
SO WE SPIN WE SPIN ONCE EVERY
ALMOST EXACTLY 24 HOURS.

01:02:07.490 --> 01:02:10.993 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IF WE WERE TO SPIN FASTER, WE
WOULD HAVE TO SET UP MORE OF

01:02:10.993 --> 01:02:11.928 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:30%
THOSE CELLS.

01:02:11.928 --> 01:02:15.765 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:63%
SO INSTEAD OF RE-KIND OF
CLASSIC CELLS BETWEEN THE

01:02:15.765 --> 01:02:18.468 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
EQUATOR AND POLE,
IT'S BEEN FASTER.

01:02:18.468 --> 01:02:22.405 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
WE MIGHT SET UP FIVE AND WE
HAVE MORE STRIKES OF RISING

01:02:22.405 --> 01:02:26.109 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
MOTION AND SINKING MOTION AND
RISING MOTION AND SINKING

01:02:26.109 --> 01:02:26.776 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:18%
MOTION.

01:02:26.776 --> 01:02:28.544 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:60%
AND THOSE COME TOGETHER.

01:02:28.544 --> 01:02:31.848 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
IF WE SPUN A LITTLE SLOWER,
WE WOULD HAVE FEWER BELTS.

01:02:31.848 --> 01:02:36.152 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
WE MAY HAVE TWO BELTS IN THAT
AREA OF MOTION WOULD MIGRATE UP

01:02:36.152 --> 01:02:37.720 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
TO 45 DEGREES.

01:02:37.720 --> 01:02:43.392 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
THE REASON THAT THE RATE OF
ROTATION SETS THAT UP IS

01:02:43.392 --> 01:02:48.397 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
BASICALLY -- Omit elements:
Page No./Line No.

01:02:53.603 --> 01:02:59.876 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:43%
Omit elements:
Page No./Line No.

01:02:59.876 --> 01:03:04.847 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:53%
>> DEKE, WE LOST YOU.

01:03:23.933 --> 01:03:25.034 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
THAT'S A LITTLE BIT OF A SHAME.

01:03:25.034 --> 01:03:26.335 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:65%
WE SEEM TO HAVE LOST DEKE.

01:03:26.335 --> 01:03:29.305 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
I'M GOING TO POP ON FOR ANOTHER
MOMENT TO SEE IF WE CAN GET HIM

01:03:29.305 --> 01:03:29.972 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:13%
BACK.

01:03:29.972 --> 01:03:34.977 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:55%
DEKE, CAN YOU HEAR ME?

01:03:40.216 --> 01:03:42.351 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
WELL, APPARENTLY WE
LOST DEKE UNFORTUNATELY.

01:03:42.351 --> 01:03:47.790 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
AND HE WAS GETTING AROUND TO
A REALLY INTERESTING ANSWER.

01:03:47.790 --> 01:03:51.627 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
BUT UNFORTUNATELY WITH
THE HOUR GETTING LATE,

01:03:51.627 --> 01:03:58.167 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
I WILL MAKE SURE THAT WE GET
HIS ANSWER IN WRITING FOR

01:03:58.167 --> 01:04:02.738 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
EVERYONE ALONG WITH SOME
REFERENCES WHICH WE PROMISED.

01:04:02.738 --> 01:04:08.844 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
ONE THING THAT I WOULD LIKE TO
FINALLY JUST OFFER TO EVERYONE

01:04:08.844 --> 01:04:13.849 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
IS -- WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO MY
SCREEN -- ARE SOME RESOURCES

01:04:19.021 --> 01:04:23.292 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:70%
THAT WE HAVE AVAILABLE WHICH
MIGHT BE HELPFUL TO FOLKS.

01:04:23.292 --> 01:04:28.297 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
AND THE FIRST ONE IS RESOURCE
OCEAN RULES AND WEATHER AND

01:04:33.603 --> 01:04:34.370 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:20%
CLIMATE.

01:04:34.370 --> 01:04:36.606 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:75%
WE'RE -- ACTUALLY THERE ARE
SOME VERY GOOD RESOURCES WHERE

01:04:36.606 --> 01:04:42.912 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
YOU CAN UNDERSTAND MORE ABOUT
BASICS OF OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERIC

01:04:42.912 --> 01:04:46.916 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
ORGANIZATION AND MOTION AND
INTERACTION AS WELL AS ENERGY

01:04:46.916 --> 01:04:52.788 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:68%
EXCHANGE BETWEEN THESE TWO.

01:04:52.788 --> 01:04:56.058 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
AND THEN IN ADDITION, IF
ONE GOES TO CLIMATE.GOV,

01:04:56.058 --> 01:05:00.496 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THERE ARE TWO AREAS
SPECIFICALLY ONE IS THE FEATURE

01:05:00.496 --> 01:05:05.901 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
SECTION AND ONE IS THE TEACHING
CLIMATE SECTION WHERE YOU CAN

01:05:05.901 --> 01:05:10.039 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:68%
ACTUALLY PULL OUT PIECES OF
THAT WOULD BE RELEVANT FOR

01:05:10.039 --> 01:05:14.343 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:73%
TEACHING IN THE CLASSROOM BY
GRADE LEVEL AS WELL AS BY THE

01:05:14.343 --> 01:05:16.045 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:78%
SUBJECTS THAT WE COVERED TODAY.

01:05:16.045 --> 01:05:19.315 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:60%
AND THE LAST ONE IS THE
WINDOWS OF THE UNIVERSE,

01:05:19.315 --> 01:05:23.085 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:55%
THE CLIMATE AND
GLOBAL CHANGE SECTION.

01:05:23.085 --> 01:05:26.422 align:middle line:79% position:50% size:78%
THIS WILL BE VERY USEFUL BOTH
FOR A REFRESH MOMENT AS WELL AS

01:05:26.422 --> 01:05:28.591 align:middle line:85% position:50% size:35%
FOR RESOURCES.